Sushma Srikrishna MRCOG
- Subspeciality Trainee in Urogynaecology, Department of
- Urogynaecology, King? College Hospital, London
American diplomats have been wrong to treat the Internet symptoms renal failure vibramycin 100 mg amex, revolutionary as it might seem to them treatment 5th metacarpal fracture 100 mg vibramycin amex, as a space free of national prejudices treatment 001 - b vibramycin 100mg with amex. Even in the digital age medications similar to cymbalta buy discount vibramycin 100mg on-line, the foreign policy of a country is still constrained by the same set of rather unpleasant barriers that limited it in the analog past. As Joseph Nye and Robert Keohane, two leading scholars of international relations, pointed out more than a decade ago, "information does not flow in a vacuum but in a political space that is already occupied. In the long run, refusing to recognize this new reality will only complicate the job of promoting democracy. Why Hipsters Make Better Revolutions In the case of Iran, Western policymakers not only misread the Internet but bragged about their own ignorance to anyone who would listen. Much to their surprise, the Iranian government believed their bluff and took aggressive countermeasures, making the job of using the Web to 26 the Net Delusion foster social and political change in Iran and other closed societies considerably harder. The opportunities of three years ago, when governments still thought that bloggers were mere hipsters, amusing but ultimately dismissed as a serious political movement, are no longer available. Bloggers, no longer perceived as trendy slackers, are seen as the new Solidarity activists-an overly idealistic and probably wrong characterization shared by democratic and authoritarian governments alike. Most disturbingly, a dangerous self-negating prophecy is at work here: the more Western policymakers talk up the threat that bloggers pose to authoritarian regimes, the more likely those regimes are to limit the maneuver space where those bloggers operate. In some countries, such politicization may be for the better, as blogging would take on a more explicit political role, with bloggers enjoying the status of journalists or human rights defenders. But in many other countries such politicization may only stifle the nascent Internet movement, which could have been be far more successful if its advocacy were limited to pursuing social rather than political ends. Whether the West needs to politicize blogging and view it as a natural extension of dissident activity is certainly a complex question that merits broad public debate. But the fact that this debate is not happening at the moment does not mean that blogging is not being politicized, often to the point of no return, by the actions-as well as declarations-of Western policymakers. Furthermore, giving in to cyber-utopianism may preclude policymakers from considering a whole range of other important questions. Should they applaud or bash technology companies who choose to operate in authoritarian regimes, bending their standard procedures as a result? Are they harbingers of democracy, as they claim to be, or just digital equivalents of Halliburton and United Fruit Company, cynically exploiting local business opportunities while also strengthening the governments that let them in? How should the West balance its sudden urge to promote democracy via the Internet with its existing commitments to other nondigital strategies for achieving the same objective, from the fostering of independent political parties to the development the Google Doctrine 27 of civil society organizations? What are the best ways of empowering digital activists without putting them at risk? If the Internet is really a revolutionary force that could nudge all authoritarian regimes toward democracy, should the West go quiet on many of its other concerns about the Internet-remember all those fears about cyberwar, cybercrime, online child pornography, Internet piracy-and strike while the iron is still hot? These are immensely difficult questions; they are also remarkably easy to answer incorrectly. While the Internet has helped to decrease costs for nearly everything, human folly is a commodity that still bears a relatively high price. The oft-repeated mantra of the open source movement-"fail often, fail early"-produces excellent software, but it is not applicable to situations where human lives are at stake. From the perspective of authoritarian governments, the costs of exploiting Western follies have significantly decreased as well. Compromising the security of just one digital activist can mean compromising the security-names, faces, email addresses-of everyone that individual knows. Digitization of information has also led to its immense centralization: One stolen password now opens data doors that used not to exist (just how many different kinds of data-not to mention people-would your email password give access to , if compromised? Similarly, if the Internet has dampened the level of antigovernment sentiment-because people have acquired access to cheap and almost infinite digital entertainment or because they feel they need the government to protect them from the lawlessness of cyberspace-it certainly gives the regime 28 the Net Delusion yet another source of legitimacy. If the Internet is reshaping the very nature and culture of antigovernment resistance and dissent, shifting it away from real-world practices and toward anonymous virtual spaces, it will also have significant consequences for the scale and tempo of the protest movement, not all of them positive. Refusing to acknowledge that the Web can actually strengthen rather than undermine authoritarian regimes is extremely irresponsible and ultimately results in bad policy, if only because it gives policymakers false confidence that the only things they need to be doing are proactive-rather than reactive-in nature. In Search of a Missing Handle So far, most policymakers choose to be sleepwalking through this digital minefield, whistling their favorite cyber-utopian tunes and refusing to confront all the evidence. This is not an attitude they can afford anymore, if only because the mines are now almost everywhere and, thanks to the growth of the Internet, their explosive power is much greater and has implications that go far beyond the digital realm.
They facilitate the heuristic search for configurations which minimize the distance between units with close cooperation medicine for anxiety buy vibramycin 100 mg without a prescription. Proximity diagrams are drawn on a sheet of paper with equidistant points medicine song order 100mg vibramycin amex, like the one shown at Figure 14 symptoms quit smoking buy discount vibramycin 100mg on line. The different units are alternated at the different points symptoms 1dpo generic vibramycin 100mg on-line, trying to find arrangements where the units with close cooperation will be as close as possible to each other. Continue placing the units having the higher proximity rates with the ones that have already been positioned. They permit fine adjustment of light through curtains or venetian blinds and provide distant points of visual focus, which can relieve eye fatigue. Furthermore, related research has found that people strongly prefer the workstations placed near windows (Manning, 1965; Sanders and McCormick, 1992). Avoid placing the working persons in airstreams created by air conditioners, open windows, and doors. Place the workstation modules in a way that forms straight corridors leading to the doors. Corridors widths for one-person passage should be at least 60 cm and for two-person passage at least 120 cm (Alder, 1999). Leave the required space in front and to the sides of electric switches and wall plugs. In cases where waiting queues are expected, provide at least a free space of 120 cm width and n Ч 45 cm length, where n is the maximum expected number of waiting people. It should be noted that the proximity diagrams are drawn without taking into account the required area for each unit and the exploitable area of the spaces where the units may be placed. Consequently, the arrangements drawn cannot be directly transposed to the ground plan of the building without modifications. Drawing the proximity diagrams is a means of facilitating the decision concerning the relative positions between organizational units. This stage can be carried out either concurrently with or after the previous stage. The following guidelines may be applied, making appropriate trade-offs if all of them cannot be satisfied: 1. In offices, windows play a role similar to lights: A window right in front of a worker disturbs through direct glare while directly behind produces reflected glare. Orient the workstations in such a way that there are no direct lighting sources within ±40 in the vertical and horizontal directions from the line of sight in order to avoid direct glare (Kroemer et al. Orient the workstations so as to facilitate cooperation between members of work teams. Figure 16 shows alternative orientations of workstations, depending on the number of team members and the presence or not of a leader (Cummings et al. Furthermore, the members of the design team should have open and innovative minds and try as many solutions as possible. A systematic assessment of these alternative solutions is advisable to decide on the most satisfactory solution. The participation of the different stakeholders in this process is strongly recommended. To resolve them the design team should be able to focus on the ones considered more important for the case at hand and pay less attention or eventually neglect others. The motion may be voluntary (as in some sports) or involuntary (as for passengers in vehicles). Movements may occur simultaneously in six different directions: three translational directions (foreand-aft, lateral, and vertical) and three rotational directions (roll, pitch, and yaw). Translational motion can also be detected when the velocity changes, causing acceleration or deceleration of the body that can be perceived via interoceptors. Rotation of the body at constant velocity may be detected because it gives rise to translational acceleration in the body, because it re-orientates the body relative to the gravitational force of Earth, or because the changing orientation relative to other objects is perceptible through exteroceptors. Vibration is oscillatory motion: the velocity is changing and so the movement is detectable by interoceptors and exteroceptors.
Different organizations and agencies use different specified limits for these classifications symptoms melanoma buy vibramycin 100mg line. Another term of significance to fires is the autoignition temperature medicine ball chair generic vibramycin 100mg amex, which is the lowest temperature at which a material (solid treatment quadricep strain buy 100 mg vibramycin otc, liquid medicine jobs generic vibramycin 100 mg otc, or gas) will spontaneously ignite (catch fire) without an external spark or flame. Most organic materials contain the mechanisms for autoignition, which is also referred to as spontaneous combustion. Lower grades of coal are volatile and may self-ignite if temperatures build up sufficiently high. Hay, wood shaving, and straw undergo organic decomposition that creates heat internally and may cause selfignition. When these rags are in a pile, the outer rags insulate those in the center and hold the buildup of heat there. Also, oily insulation around steam lines and heat ducts is another source of self-ignition. Hypergolic reactions are special cases of self-ignition where the fuel and oxidizer combust at room temperatures upon mixing. Some of the substances known for hypergolic reactions are white phosphorus, some hydrides, and many iron sulfides that are common wastes in mineral processing or oil fractionation. Fires inside buildings often have poor ventilation so there is incomplete combustion, which in turn produces carbon monoxide. It is the toxicity of the carbon monoxide more than the smothering effects of carbon dioxide and smoke that is responsible for the highest percentage of fire-connected fatalities. Also carbon monoxide tends to reignite as more ventilation improves the combustion mixture. It is this reignition that results in explosions that frequently occur as fire fighters break windows or holes in the side of a burning building. However, water is not recommended for other classes of fires except as a spray alone or with special additives. Class B fires involve gases and liquids such as automotive fuels, greases, or paints. Recommended extinguishants of this class of fires are bromotrifluoromethane, carbon dioxide, A term that is equivalent to fire point is kindling temperature. Spontaneous ignition temperature or combustion temperature has the same meaning as autoignition temperature. In this case, recommended extinguishants are bromotrifluoromethane, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical. Care should be taken in class C fires not to use metallic applicators that could conduct electrical current. Finally, class D fires consist of combusting metals, usually magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium. Temperatures in this class of fires tend to be much greater than in the other classes. There is no general extinguishant for this class of fire, but specific extinguishants are recommended for each type of metal. One of the best strategies to protect against fires is, of course, to prevent their occurrence by keeping separate the elements that make up fires. Of course, different detection systems are based on different features that accompany fires. Some detectors have bimetallic strips that expand with a sufficient rise in temperatures to close an alarm circuit. Similar kinds of detectors enclose a fluid that expands under heat until a pressure-sensitive switch is activated. Thermoconductive detectors, another variety, contain insulation between conductor wires. As the heat rises, the insulation value of this special material decreases to a sufficient extent that electrical power flows through that material, creating a new circuit that sets off the alarm. These detectors have a glass or plastic tube, through which the air flows, and there is a light source on one side of the tube and a photoelectric cell on the other. When smoke comes from a fire into the tube, the light is refracted from the photoelectric cell and an alarm sounds. Finally, there are ionization detectors that measure changes in the ionization level. Byproducts of combustion cause the air to become ionized, which in turn activates these detectors.
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The less invasive measures include pulse rate and skin conductance treatment yeast uti buy vibramycin 100 mg visa, while measures of blood pressure are often invasive since they use pressure cuffs which are deflated 94 medications that can cause glaucoma discount vibramycin 100 mg free shipping. Depending upon the emotion which is recorded medications similar to cymbalta vibramycin 100mg on line, it is best to first validate the particular physiological measures so as to understand if it is sensitive enough to record differences in the intensity of the emotion treatment 4 pink eye purchase 100mg vibramycin with mastercard. Ketelaar (1989) showed that people in a good mood also overestimated the probability of pleasant events. Another useful performance task is to ask participants to generate associations to positive, neutral, and negative stimuli. Mayer and Bremer (1985) showed that performance on this task correlated with the naturally occurring mood. A second category of performance measures involves information-processing parameters. Reaction times in lexical decision tasks have been shown to be sensitive to affective states (Challis and Krane, 1988). The task involves judging if a string of letters presented on the computer screen represents a word or nonword. Participants in positive affective states are quicker and sometimes more accurate at judging positive words as words compared to participants in neutral states, and vice versa for unpleasant moods (Niedenthal and Setterlund, 1994). The new trends are for objects or artifacts that inspire users, enhance their lives, and evoke emotions and dreams in their minds. In product design, there are two evaluations- the first one based on cognition (knowledge and functionality) and the second one on affect. The main goal is to please the user rather than maximize transactions and productivity. This is particularly critical for e-commerce and other Web-based activities, where there are many alternatives. Humancomputer interaction may hence be designed to induce affective and memorable experiences. There is no such thing as a neutral interface; any design will elicit emotions from the user and the designer. The user, on the other hand, will gain pleasurable experience from a more fun interface. The most commonly used approach is the self-report whereby adjectives that people use to describe the product are identified and embodied into a semantic differential scale or questionnaire with rating scale. It provides useful visual and statistical data for designers to understand the nature and quality of user experience. One popular task is to have participants make probability estimates of the likelihood of various good and bad events. It has been shown that persons in unpleasant emotional states tend to overestimate the probability of bad events (Johnson and Tversky, 1983). The words or adjectives must be concise and easy to understand and take into account cultural as well as contextual factors (Larsen and Fredrickson, 1999). Physiological methods (or nonverbal instruments) have a better advantage as they are language independent and can be used in different cultures. A second advantage is that they are unobtrusive and do not disturb participants during the measurement. They can only reliably assess a limited set of "basic" emotions and cannot assess mixed emotions. For pleasures of the mind, it is doubtful if any of the psychophysiological methods will be sensitive enough to capture the subtleness of emotions. Objective methods such as vocal content and facial expressions can be used to measure mixed emotions, but they are difficult to apply between cultures. It would be important to make cultural comparisons between vocal and facial expressions. For this purpose a multimedia database can be developed and shared by the research community. The database could contain images of faces (still and motion), vocalizations and speech, psychophysiological correlates of specific facial actions, and interpretations of facial scores in terms of emotional state, cognitive process, and other internal processes. This would facilitate an integration of research efforts by highlighting contradictions and consistencies and suggesting fruitful avenues for new research. Part I-Identification of Footwear Semantic Space Applying Differential Semantics," International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. Examples of such elements are the seat, working surfaces, desk, equipment, tools, controls, and displays used during the work as well as the passages, windows, and heating/cooling equipment.
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