Jonathan J. Key, DPM, FACFAS
- Clinical Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation
- Yale University School of Medicine
- New Haven, Connecticut
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2009; 2008] gastritis diarrhea cheap 20 mg nexium mastercard, Assistant Professor of Neurology [2009] Nicoline Schiess gastritis diet generic nexium 20 mg on-line, M gastritis diet indian 20mg nexium. Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery [2003] gastritis treatment guidelines generic nexium 20mg with amex, Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering [2010; 2009] Steven A. Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2005] (to 10/31/2011) Joseph M. Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2008; 2007], Assistant Professor of Surgery [2009] Deborah A. Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [1994; 1992] Daniel M. Assistant Professor of Neurological Surgery [2009], Assistant Professor of Oncology [2009], Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery [2009] Diana Gerardi Scorpio, D. Assistant Professor of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology [2005; 2003] (to 07/05/2011) Adrienne Williams Scott, M. Assistant Professor of Medicine [1981; 1980], Assistant Professor of Oncology [1983] Jyoti Misra Sen, Ph. Assistant Professor of Medicine [2002; 1999] (to 09/15/2011) Catherine Angela Sewell, M. Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2006] Karen Sandell Sfanos, Ph. Assistant Professor of Medicine [2010], Assistant Professor of Oncology [2010] Punita T. Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2005; 2002] Susan J. Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2004] Rosanne Bravin Sheinberg, M. Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2011] Wen Shen, M. Assistant Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics [2005; 2002] James Christopher Shepherd, M. Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [2007], Assistant Professor of Pediatrics [2007] Eun Ji Shin, M. Assistant Professor of Pediatrics [2011; 2006], Instructor in Medicine [2007] Venkataramana K. Assistant Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [2001; 1999], Assistant Professor of Neurological Surgery [2006] Sonal Singh, M. Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2008], Assistant Professor of Pediatrics [2011] Mary D. Assistant Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [1989; 1988] Peter Jeffrey Sloane, M. Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine [1995; 1993] Akrit Singh Sodhi, M. Assistant Professor of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry [2011] Anja Soldan, Ph. Assistant Professor of Neurology [2004], Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2004] Sunil Suhas Solomon, M. Assistant Professor of Radiology [1993; 1990], Instructor in Medicine [1991] David Douglass Spragg, M. Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology [2011] (from 08/29/2011) Umasuthan Srikumaran, M. Assistant Professor (Audiology & Speech) of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2009; 2006] Joseph William Stauffer, D. Visiting Assistant Professor of Health Sciences Informatics [2001] Duncan Scott Stearns, M. Assistant Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [2010] Charles Matthew Stewart, M. Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2010] Fray Dylan Stewart, M. Assistant Professor of Pediatrics [2006; 2004], Assistant Professor of Medicine [2008] Geetha Subramaniam, M. Adjunct Assistant Professor of Psychiatry [2009; 1998] Aruna Kumar Subramanian, M.
Financial Aid the program is supported by a combination of monies from the Lucille P mild gastritis symptoms treatment discount 40 mg nexium mastercard. Each student is provided a stipend gastritis honey buy cheap nexium 20mg, health and dental insurance and tuition throughout their years in the program erosive gastritis definition purchase 40 mg nexium with amex. Applicants should have thorough training in organismic biology gastritis gi bleed generic nexium 20 mg fast delivery, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Demonstrate evidence of achievement and promise in a comprehensive oral examination administered by the Doctoral Board, usually at the end of the second year of residence. Write a dissertation, embodying findings worthy of publication, and certified to be a significant contribution to knowledge by at least two referees from within the department and two referees from outside. Core Courses Students must achieve a B- or better in Human Anatomy, Organ Histology, Evolutionary Biology, Biomechanics of the Skeleton, Mammals: Diversity, Structure and Evolution, Primate Evolution, and Biostatistics. Rotations Students must complete a formal research rotation with the faculty during their first year. Teaching Training in teaching medical school Human Anatomy and undergraduate anatomy is provided for all graduate students. Fellowships Predoctoral fellowships covering normal living costs and tuition are available. The work of this program extends over all phases and dimensions of the development of medicine and related sciences, the history of disease, and the historical analysis of related conceptual, cultural, and social problems. Students acquire facility in the methods of historical research and gain a wide acquaintance with the available literature in the history of medicine, science, and related fields of history. Departmental offerings are particularly strong in the history of medicine and science for early modern Europe; medicine, science and technology in the United States; 19th and 20th centuries; history of disease and public health; health and society in China and Africa; and Russian and Soviet science. Students come to the Johns Hopkins University with diverse backgrounds including medicine, science, and history. Students who wish to combine medical training with academic training in the history of medicine may inquire about the M. Preference will be given to applicants with training in some aspect of the health field, sciences, or history. For further information applicants should write to Director of Graduate Studies, Program in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology, 1900 East Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205. Requirements for Degrees the student must satisfy the requirements of the University, the School of Medicine, and the Program. Prior to embarking on full-time dissertation research, candidates will prepare themselves by a variety of courses, seminars, and guided reading. During the first year of study, students receive a general introduction to historical research and complete a year-long survey in either the history of science or the history of medicine. The specific requirements for such fields are set by the faculty member directing the field, in consultation with the student. These fields entail both broad and intensive reading, and the passing of a comprehensive examination and/or preparation of several historiographic essays. Candidates must also demonstrate a reading knowledge of two foreign languages before being admitted to formal candidacy for the degree. Master of Arts Degree: the department also admits students who wish to complete the requirements for this degree. These include the demonstration of competence in the general history of medicine by passing an examination at the end of the first year of study, completion of a satisfactory research essay, and demonstrated reading ability of one foreign language. Bylebyl Fellowship, the William Coleman Fellowship, the Harry Woolf Fellowship, and regular department fellowships are among those available. Program the Institute of Genetic Medicine offers an interdivisional program based in the School of Medicine to train Ph. The Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics and Molecular Biology has been designed as an alternative to the combined M. This program is predicated on the belief that research progress is enhanced by detailed knowledge of the experimental organism. Therefore, the program offers a solid background in human biology as well as rigorous training in research strategies and techniques of molecular biology and genetics.
However gastritis kas tai per liga cheap 20 mg nexium mastercard, data for breast cancer and prostate cancer may be useful for addressing this gastritis or morning sickness purchase nexium 40mg overnight delivery. From 1975 to 1990 these cancers became special targets for earlier diagnosis by screening and public education gastritis and celiac diet buy discount nexium 20mg. Most of the lead time bias from screening gastritis diet home remedy nexium 40mg otc, in terms of a seeming lengthening of survival, results from advancing the time of diagnosis of local disease and little results from earlier diagnosis of regional disease. Therefore, we may infer that survival gains for regional disease largely reflect actual treatment effects. These gains suggest that there has been real improvement from medical care advances above and beyond any lead time effect. In another approach to this question, Cole and Rodu evaluated survival data for patients diagnosed from 1950-1991 and focussed on particular stages of specific cancers for which lead time gains presumably would be minimal or absent. But we should bear in mind that for gains to occur each advance must favorably alter the course of ever more difficult cases, those that were resistant to prevailing diagnosis and treatment. It is unlikely that lead-time bias explains this because the improvements are occurring even for conditions for which diagnostic advances probably have been minimal. However, the decline in cancer mortality is accelerating downward (from 1996 to 1998 alone, the decline amounted to four percent 8,10) and most forms of cancer are, in fact, declining. Bailar and Gornick 29 are correct in their view that more emphasis should be placed on prevention and prevention-related research. Yet, to achieve the greatest overall reduction in cancer deaths, the target remains clear and unchanging; anti-smoking efforts must be reinvigorated and, most especially, heavy smokers must be provided with alternative ways to quit. During the twentieth century cancer emerged from a minor position and became a major public health problem in the developed world. Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic origin: a summary of current research, 1999. Evaluation and management of the "new" lymphoma entities: mantle cell lymphoma, lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma. Time trends of intestinal and diffuse types of gastric cancer in the United States. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Food and Nutrition Board. The resolution of discrepancies in the reported incidence of primary brain tumors. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 19731996, with a special section on lung cancer and tobacco smoking. These "alert practitioners" noted unusual characteristics among several patients with the same disease. An early example is the observation in 1895 by the German urologist, Rehn, that three men with bladder cancer had worked at a particular chemical facility, a dyestuffs manufacturer. Such studies can be complex and difficult to perform but may permit a straightforward judgement of causation to be made. When several investigators reproduce an experimental finding it is usually accepted as demonstrating causation. The epidemiologist observes heterogeneous, free-living human beings and has no control over their exposures or any other aspect of their lives. Further, the observations may be distorted by the retrospective nature of most epidemiologic research. That is, studies are made of exposures and of illnesses or deaths that occurred in the past, often in the distant past. For these reasons and others epidemiologic studies of cancer causation may produce highly variable results. History shows that studies of true and moderately strong causal associations will be reasonably consistently positive. However, a series of studies of a non-existent association will produce positive findings as well as the correct negative ones. In 1965 Hill advanced guidelines for evaluating causality in epidemiologic studies of diseases with a long induction period. Several of these guidelines apply to the results of an individual study while others apply to a general causal hypothesis. Yet others address causality in the exposure-illness experience of a specific person. An important factor is whether the determination is to serve scientific or public health and regulatory purposes.
The transmission of signals within the cell and from inside and outside the cell is called signal transduction gastritis in dogs safe 40mg nexium. Most receptors fall into one of three general types depending on the signal transduction mechanism used gastritis diet pills nexium 20 mg for sale. These receptors belong to a family of homologous multipass transmembrane proteins gastritis diet zaiqa order nexium 20mg with amex. Most of the known catalytic receptors are transmembrane proteins with a cytoplasmic domain that normally accepts controlled signals from outside the cell and transmits signals to the inside of the cell extreme gastritis diet discount 40mg nexium. Conversely, the normal function of the transforming growth factor-b pathway is to suppress growth and oncogenesis. When mutated, the inactivation of the ligand or receptor renders the cell susceptible to transformation. Intracellular kinases that do not transmit signals across the cell membrane but potentially within the cell are also important in oncogenesis. The majority of these transmembrane receptors normally transduce signals through the controlled phosphorylation of intracellular substrates, usually on tyrosine, serine, or threonine residues that function as signaling nodes in a complex intracellular communications network. The control of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events are used by cells to relay signals, amplify signals, and regulate pathways and to act by changing the conformation and, therefore, the function of the phosphorylated protein. Any member of a signaling cascade can be a potential target for oncogenic mutation. Control points in cellular regulation that can be targets for carcinogenic events. These sensors indirectly activate or inactivate a separate membrane-bound enzyme or ion channel. Important intracellular messengers are calcium ions, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and phospholipids. The Gs protein functions as a shuttle between two membrane proteins: the receptor for the stimulus and the downstream effort enzyme (adenyl cyclase), which generates the second messenger. Thus, Gs is a signal transducer, relaying to the recipient enzyme the conformational change in the receptor triggered by the ligand binding to the receptor (. The Gs protein cycles between active and resting forms, which are determined by the state of its subunits. Binding to a hormone or agonist changes the conformation of the receptor protruding on the inner surface of the membrane. All receptors that interact with a G protein share a common stretch of 22 to 24 hydrophobic amino acids that generate seven back and forth trans membrane a helixes. A large loop between helixes 5 and 6 protrudes into the cytosol and interacts with the G protein. In cancer, the most important G proteins are found in the ras family of oncogenes: N-ras, K-ras, and H-ras. The downstream consequences of ras activation are through the induction of cellular proliferation and in enhancing cell motility. Ultimately, these membrane and cytoplasmic signaling molecules all converge to alter cellular transcription through the activation of transcription factors. Oncogenesis can be initiated by a molecular lesion that disrupts this cascade at any level, from the ligand or receptor all the way to the nuclear transcription factor (Table 1-1). In cancer biology, there is ample evidence of direct mutational activation of transcription factors in the genesis and maintenance of the cancerous state. Normal cellular genes (protooncogenes, identified by the c prefix) are "picked up" or transduced by the retrovirus and mutated through the error-prone process of the retroviral replication. This results in a viral oncogene (v- onc) that is functionally arrested in a biochemically activated form. Early studies revealed that the oncogene precursors, the protooncogenes, act as biochemical switches in the command and control processes of a cell, specifically transmitting signals from the outside of the cell to the nucleus. The normal and controlled transfer of extracellular signals is bypassed when one of the relay members is mutated and is made constitutively activated, resulting in the characteristic of a cancer cell-unmanaged growth. Stimulation of the ras/raf pathway results in increased expression of the nuclear proteins jun, fos, and myc (retroviral homologues, v-jun, v-fos, v-myc; myc is mutated and rearranged in lymphoid malignancies and amplified in breast cancers), which are proteins that can induce the expression of other genes (called transcription factors).
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