Condet

Mark C. Adams, MD

• Professor, Urology and Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr.
• Children? Hospital at Vanderbilt, Pediatric Urology,
• Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Traditional Preparation: Typically the leaves and/or bark of this plant is prepared as a tea by decoction or added to multi-herb decoctions or tinctures treatment programs cheap 400 mg mesalamine with amex. For external use medicine for anxiety mesalamine 800mg with visa, the leaves may be heated or prepared as a syrup or oil and applied topically treatment 2 stroke generic 800mg mesalamine with mastercard. Traditional Uses: To treat arthritis symptoms whiplash buy 400mg mesalamine free shipping, joint pain and symptoms associated with sangre sucia ("dirty blood"), a few small pieces of the husk or bark (cбscara) of maguey are prepared as a decoction with aloe (sбbila) leaf (penca) and guinea hen-weed (anamъ) root. Maguey de bestia is used for sprains or strains and is applied by wrapping the leaves around the affected area. For asthma, pulmonary infections or phlegm in the lungs, the leaf can be added to a syrup/oil botella along with other medicinal plants and ingredients. To treat sexually transmitted infections, the leaf is tinctured in alcohol along with other plants to prepare a multi-herb botella that is taken internally until the infection has cleared. For cysts, tumors and fibroids, the bark or husk (cбscara) is used as an ingredient in multi-herb tinctures (botellas) or strong decoctions. Availability: In New York City, maguey leaves can be purchased from some grocery stores, supermarkets, bodegas and botбnicas. Because the sharp spines along the edges of the leaves are usually 353 removed in commerce, it can be difficult to determine which particular species of maguey is used without this identifying characteristic. Leaves are large, succulent or fibrous with a stiff, sharp spine at the tip; leaf edges are often armed with sharp prickles, but they can be smooth. Flowers grow in branching or spikelike, umbrella-shaped or rounded clusters, each borne atop a long, leafless flower-stem; each flower has six large creamy white to yellowish or light green petals. Fruits are capsules which contain numerous black, flattened seeds (Acevedo-Rodrнguez 1996). According to a case report of irritant contact dermatitis from a tequila distillery and agave plantation workers, one droplet (0. Contraindications: Because of its emmenagogue and abortifacient effects, this herb is contraindicated during pregnancy (Brinker 1998). Steroidal compounds have been identified and isolated in several species of this genus. Biologically active compounds of Agave species include agavegenin (cholestane steroid), chlorogenin, oxalic acid, saponins (including steroidal saponins), sapogenins (hecogenin and diosgenin), smilagenin and tigogenin (Duke & Beckstrom-Sternberg 1998, Jin et al. Haemolytic potential was evaluated; antiinflammatory activity shown in capillary permeability assay Results Showed significant inhibition of capillary permeability activity, but did not show hemolytic effects Complete inhibition of cell division at 24 hrs of treatment & a moderate cytostatic activity against Hep-2 cells Four new steroid constituents found: 3 steroidal saponins & 1 cholestane steroid agavegenin. New structures determined & pharmacological activities discussed Novel steroidal saponin was isolated; anti-inflammatory activity shown Reference da Silva & Parente 2005 Saenz et al. New steroidal saponins from Agave lophantha Schiede and their pharmacological evaluation. Four new steroid constituents from the waste residue of fiber separation from Agave americana leaves. Irritant contact dermatitis caused by needle-like calcium oxalate crystals, raphides, in Agave tequilana among workers in tequila distilleries and agave plantations. Note: the Spanish common name mala madre can also be used to refer to another species; see entry for: Bruja (Kalanchoe pinnata). Traditional Preparation: the leaves are typically prepared as a tea by boiling them in water and are often combined with other medicinal plants. To treat menstrual disorders, ovarian cysts, tumors, fibroids and menopausal symptoms, the leaves are added to multi-herb preparations (botellas) and taken orally. For vaginal infections, menstrual cramps or excessive menstrual bleeding, the leaves are prepared as a douche or vaginal wash with other herbs and taken internally as a tea with Mexican prickly poppy (cardo santo). Also, it can be taken to induce abortion in combination with Caribbean pine (cuaba), malt beverage (malta alemana) and pharmaceutical pills (antiulcer medication), all boiled together and taken internally as a tea. Availability: In New York City, the fresh leaves of mala madre are available at select botбnicas (Latino/Afro-Caribbean herb and spiritual shops) and are sometimes grown as house-plants. Leaves grow in opposite pairs along stems and are lance- or spatula-shaped (15-38 cm long), smooth-surfaced, with wavy or scalloped leaf edges. Flowers grow in rounded clusters at the tops of stems and are tubular and flask-like in shape with yellowish to reddish 4-lobed petals (Bailey Hortorium Staff 1976). Distribution: Native to Africa and Madagascar, this plant is cultivated and has become naturalized in pantropical regions (Bailey Hortorium Staff 1976).

As we learn more about how the mind stores data symptoms 0f heart attack generic mesalamine 800 mg without prescription, there is a need to examine whether we can use the mind as a model to enhance efforts to build a national network of digital libraries medicine generic mesalamine 400mg online. There is a need for solving problems associated with using immersive virtual environments treatment of diabetes buy generic mesalamine 400 mg online. There is a need to explore ways to increase the effectiveness of humanenvironment relations medicine interactions 800mg mesalamine free shipping. This may involve - developing personal guidance and spatial information systems that allow people to carry with them in a wearable computer all the local · · · · · · · · 134 B. Expanding Human Cognition and Communication environmental information that they need to undertake daily activities (Fig. Since environmental information is filtered through our senses and consequently is biased, individually selective, and related to stage of cognitive development, we need to know to what extent human sensing is dependent on perspective or point of view for encoding spatial relations. Attention must be paid to the roles of alignment, frames of reference, and scale or resolution. Spatial knowledge in humans develops from landmark route configurational understanding. Developing multimodal input and output interfaces will enrich human ability to process and analyze information, covering all types of spatial information required for microscopic, global, or extraterrestrial research. It will also help to remove the rapidly growing effects of the digital divide by allowing more disabled (or otherwise disadvantaged) people to join the computer-literate population, thus improving employment possibilities and improving quality of life. Expanding Human Cognition and Communication multimodal input and output devices that provide access to text, maps, images, tables, and gestures. But there is the inevitable downside, such as the thorny ethical and legal issues of defining and maintaining appropriate levels of individual privacy and security of public or business information. The contribution of such systems to education, research, and decision making in the policy arena could be immense. The Varese System, hybrid auditory interfaces and satellite-ground control: Using auditory icons and sonification in a complex, supervisory control system. Multimodal interactions between drivers and codrivers: An analysis of on-board navigational dialogues. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Twelfth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Budapest. The impact of an interactive multimedia system on the quality of learning in educational psychology: an exploratory study. Multimodal user interface system for blind and "visually occupied" users: Ergonomic evaluation of the haptic and auditive dimensions. Data sonification from the desktop: Should sound be a part of standard data analysis software. Paper presented at the 4th International Symposium on Maps and Graphics for the Visually Impaired, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Interactive multimedia learning environments for teacher education: comparing and contrasting four systems. Towards an Accessible City: Empirical Measurement and Modeling of Access to Urban Opportunities for those with Vision Impairments Using Remote Infrared Audible Signage. The instructive animation: Helping students build connections between words and pictures in multimedia learning. Paper presented at the 1993 International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. A taxonomy of mulitmodal interaction in the human information processing system: Esprit Project 8579. Access to mathematics for visually disabled students through multimodal interaction. Horn, Visiting Scholar, Stanford University Visual language is one of the more promising avenues to the improvement of human performance in the short run (the next 10 to 15 years) (Horn 2000b, 2000c). The current situation is one of considerable diversity and confusion as a new form of communication arises.

The projected increase in international tourism is likely to continue apace in 2007 medicine 101 mesalamine 400 mg overnight delivery, again with the highest changed in the Asia-Pacific2 (8%) and Africa3 (9%) medications like zoloft generic mesalamine 400mg without prescription. For example medicine 20th century cheap 400 mg mesalamine, in 1990 only 18% of international tourism receipts were earned by developing economies as tourist destinations; by 2005 this share had risen to 30% medicine you can overdose on buy mesalamine 400mg, as these countries continue to attract visitors at a faster pace than their developed peers (an average of 10. The fastest rate of increase in tourist arrivals has been to the least developed countries (12. For example, between 2000 and 2005 international tourism from China trebled to 31 million tourists and some projections suggest that up to 100 million Chinese will be travelling abroad by 2020 (Zhang 2006). Most of these Chinese tourists will travel to nearby countries in Asia, which mirrors an increasing level of South-South international tourism. Intra-regional South-South tourism has already reached high levels in Asia and Latin America and is growing fast in Africa. The consequences of these trends require further investigation so that developing countries can devise appropriate policies, both to take advantage of emerging opportunities and to mitigate the effect of adverse developments. Do the demand patterns of tourists from the South differ markedly from those from the North, for instance in the category of hotel in which they stay or the goods they consume? How will the rise of "e-tourism" to developing countries, for example the on-line booking of holidays and cheap airlines, influence which companies provide the relevant services? A new research and policy agenda is emerging, looking for ways in which the employmentgenerating potential of tourism can be better harnessed to the needs of the poor. This is something which is urgently needed ­ and this report goes some way towards starting a dialogue on this issue. For example, in the wake of global warming and other ecological disasters, there is an increasing reassessment of lifestyles among middle class tourists in the North (on whom much of the expansion in tourism will depend). A further outbreak of a dangerous viral epidemic in a developing region, or sustained levels of terrorism targeting tourists, might have a similar effect. At the same time, it is important to highlight the opportunities that specific niches in the tourism industry can offer, for instance, cultural, ethical, ecology-friendly tourism or spa resorts and sport tourism ­ where the numbers of tourists are small, but high spending and supportive of the creation of sustainable infrastructures and organisational capabilities. Developing countries from Peru to Morocco to India, and the interconnected Silk Road lands of Central Asia, already take considerable advantage of a number of high-value added niche segment of the tourism market. Policy makers need to understand far better the needs of this category of tourists in order to benefit from their arrival. Countries can aim at these tourism segments, as part of an overall strategy, even under the likely scenario of a rapidly growing international tourism market. In 2005 there was also a rapid rate of increase in tourist arrivals to the Middle East and Latin America and the Caribbean, but this tailed off in 2006, partly because of perceived risks in these destinations, and this slowdown is projected to continue in 2007. However, the absolute number of tourist arrivals has continued to increase by 24% annually in both regions. They strongly influence visitor flows to developing countries, and thus the type, size and impact of tourism in a particular country or region. A case in point is British Airways owning British Airways Holidays and British Airways Travel Shops Limited, all British companies. Tour operators create so-called "package tours" by combining two or more components of the tourism product. They do not produce tourism services themselves (unless they own a hotel, aircraft or airline); rather, they act as distributors or wholesalers of these services. Services are produced by airlines, hotels, local transportation and tourist service companies (sometimes called incoming tour operators) and local guides, which tour operators contract ahead of time. Tour operators may have a limited number of staff to receive their clients in some countries. The main impact of tour operators is that they are instrumental in sending large numbers of tourists to destinations worldwide, thus creating the volume of tourist traffic that could not be achieved through individual visitors. Tour operators "decide which end product to market to separate segments of potential demand based on the quality and competitiveness of the product, the evidence of market acceptability through the positive or negative reactions of returning tourists and the margins the distributors receive from selling a particular end product" (Christie 2001, annex 1, p. The largest and most influential operators are based in tourism-generating developed countries, the major ones being, in order of size of the outbound tourist traffic, the United States, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom. Europe as a whole generates the largest number of international tourists, accounting for approximately 60 per cent of worldwide travel and 12. The role of tour operators in generating the outbound flow of international tourists is particularly important in Japan and Europe, but smaller in the United States. One third of travel to developing countries (out of a total of 4 million United Kingdom tourists) was booked through tour operators that year (Mintel, 2001).

But it is important to note that there is a melding of human and S&E development Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance 83 here: human development medicine grace potter generic mesalamine 800 mg on-line, from individual medical and intellectual development to collective cultures and globalization symptoms in spanish order 800 mg mesalamine mastercard, is a key goal treatment innovations buy 400mg mesalamine with mastercard. The main trends of this 21st century scientific system overlap in many ways; their coherence and synergy at the interfaces create new research fields such as bioinformatics walmart 9 medications order mesalamine 400 mg line, brain research, and neuromorphic engineering. Finally, the conceived system and architecture are used to design new information technology. Four transforming tools have emerged: nanotechnology for hardware, biotechnology for dealing with living systems, information technology for communication and control, and cognition-based technologies to enhance human abilities and collective behavior. Unifying Science and Engineering There are several reasons why unifying principles in science and engineering are arising now: · Scientists have increased their depth of understanding of physical, chemical, and biological phenomena, revealing the fundamental common ground in nature. Significant advances exist at the interfaces among disciplines, in such a way that the disciplines are brought closer together and one can more easily identify the common principles, fractal patterns, and transforming tools. There is a convergence of principles and methods of investigation in various disciplines at the nanoscale, using the same building blocks of matter in analysis. An obvious illustration is the requirements for modeling many-body interactions at the nanoscale, where the laws are specific for each material, and variable within bodies and at the boundaries, at different environmental parameters and for different phenomena. The unifying science may manifest in three major ways: · Unification of the basic understanding of various natural phenomena and bringing under the same umbrella various laws, principles, and concepts in physical, chemical, biological, and engineering sciences using cause-andeffect explanation. For example, in physics, there is an increasing awareness that weak, strong, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces may collapse into the same theory in the future (Grand Unified Theory). Mathematical language and other languages for improved communication at S&E interfaces and the system approach offer general tools for this process. Furthermore, unification of knowledge of natural sciences with social sciences and humanities forms a continuum across levels of increasingly complex architectures and dynamics. Motivation and Outlook Observation of collective behavior in physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, astronomy, and society. Integrative theories are being developed using the concepts of self-organized systems, chaos, multi-length and time-scale organizations, and complex systems. Convergence of investigative methods to describe the building blocks of matter at the nanoscale. The nanoscale is the natural threshold from the discontinuity of atoms and molecules to the continuity of bulk behavior of materials. Averaging approaches specific to each discipline collapse in the same multibody approach. Identifying and using unifying science and engineering has powerful transforming implications on converging technologies, education, healthcare, and the society in the long term. National S&E Funding Trends the foundation of major S&E trends are built up over time at the confluence of other areas of R&D and brought to the front by a catalytic development such as a scientific breakthrough or a societal need. For example, space exploration has grown at the confluence of developments in jet engines, aeronautics, astronomy, and advanced materials and has been accelerated by global competitiveness and defense challenges. Information technology advancement has grown at the confluence of developments in mathematics, manufacturing on a chip, materials sciences, media, and many other areas and has been accelerated by the economic impact of improved computing and communication. Nanotechnology development has its origins in scaling down approaches, in building up from atomic and molecular levels, and in the confluence of better understanding of chemistry, biosystems, materials, simulations, and engineering, among others; it has been accelerated by its promise to change the nature of almost all human-made products. Biotechnology development has grown at the confluence of biology, advanced computing, nanoscale tools, medicine, pharmacy, and others and has been accelerated by its obvious benefits in terms of improved healthcare and new products. Development of initiatives for such fields of inquiry has led to additional funding for these and similar initiatives. According to this report, the Internet is just a small token development on the way to larger benefits. It is, of course, important to identify a significant trend correctly; otherwise, either a gold mine may not be exploited, or a wasteful path may be chosen. R&D initiatives are designed to receive only a relatively small fraction of the total research budget, because the country must provide support for all fields, including the seeds for future major trends. Generally, one must show a long-term, cross-cutting, high-risk/high-return R&D opportunity in order to justify funding a trend. However, this may be · Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance 85 insufficient. Of the six major trends listed above, only the first two have led to multiagency national research initiatives, although there is de facto national priority on the fourth trend - that related to human health.

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