Condet

Namita Kattal, MD

• Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Albert Einstein Medical Center
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Starker Leopold medications that cause tinnitus alphagan 0.2% line, chairman of the committee and primary author of the study medications known to cause pill-induced esophagitis buy alphagan 0.2% line, acknowledged that the report was ``conceptual not statistical gas treatment generic 0.2% alphagan visa,' with emphasis on the ``philosophy of park management and the ecological principles involved treatment jokes generic 0.2% alphagan with mastercard. In August 1963, five months after the Leopold study appeared, the National Academy submitted its report. Robbins both chaired the committee that prepared the report and was the principal author. It noted that the parks were ``complex natural systems' that ``constitute a scientific resource of increasing value to scientists in this country and abroad,' and that for proper management they needed a ``broad ecological understanding and continuous flow of knowledge. The program lacked ``continuity, coordination, and depth,' and was marked by ``expediency rather than by long-term considerations. Overall, the report noted that the Service had little appreciation of research and its potential contributions to park management. To the academy it seemed ``inconceivable' that scientific research was not used to ensure preservation of such ``unique and valuable' properties as the national parks. Asserting that the Service had ``some confusion and uncertainty' about the purposes of the parks, the report defined the parks as ``dynamic biological complexes,' which should be considered a ``system of interrelated plants, animals, and habitat (an ecosystem) in which evolutionary processes will occur under such control and guidance as seems necessary. Most important, it argued that the Service needed a ``permanent, independent, and identifiable' scientific research unit that should have ``line responsibility,' not ``simply an advisory function. Directing the program should be a ``chief scientist,' who would supervise natural history research and the research staff, and an assistant director for research in the natural sciences, who would handle the administrative aspects of research and related activities. Both positions should report to the Park Service director, thus avoiding intervening and possibly antagonistic levels of bureaucratic authority. In addition, the Service should assemble a staff of about ten ``highly competent' scientists in the Washington office, who would evaluate research needs and thereby determine necessary scientific staffing in the parks. To further ensure independence from park managers, the report urged that scientists be stationed in parks but answer directly to the chief scientist in Washington. The research program should also be supported by special centers that would be established in or near selected parks. Moreover, the report recommended that a scientific advisory committee be created for natural history research, and that, as necessary, each large natural park should have its own advisory committee. Although the Service responded with rhetorical enthusiasm to the report and Director Wirth urged that every employee ``should become familiar' with it, in reality the leaders did not care for the document. Howard Stagner, longtime member of the Park Service directorate, later recalled that they even considered suppressing the report, mainly because they did not want the blunt criticism to be made public. Perhaps as a result, it seems to have received very little Science and Bureaucratic Power 217 attention in the press and was largely forgotten by Park Service rank and file, other than scientists. The environmental era raised resource management questions that clearly required scientific data. In the short span of a few months in 1963, the Park Service found its natural resource management subjected to far greater scrutiny than ever before and faced recommendations for radical changes in its organization, operations, and policy. Much of National Park Service history since 1963 may be viewed as a continuing struggle by scientists and others in the environmental movement to change the direction of national park management, particularly as it affects natural resources. The Pursuit of Bureaucratic Power Following the reports, efforts to infuse science into park management were affected by two underlying factors. Perhaps the more daunting was that, both explicitly and implicitly, the reports called for a redistribution of power within the Park Service. A full and committed response by the Service would have required sizable increases in staffing and funding for natural resource management, including research. Ultimately, bureaucratic leadership would be shared with those advocating scientifically based 218 Science and Bureaucratic Power management-a concept virtually alien to Park Service leaders and field personnel of the early 1960s. Compounding the problem of sharing power within the bureau was a second major obstacle: the complexity of ecologically oriented park management. The Leopold Report repeatedly emphasized the challenges inherent in attempting to restore the parks to a semblance of primitive America (efforts akin to what would become known as ecological restoration). Decades of indifference to science reflected the attitude that neither research nor professional scientific skill was necessary for proper park management. It is also likely that the Service was reacting positively to the National Academy study for the very reason Howard Stagner later gave-as a means of masking negative feelings toward the report. Overall, Park Service leadership seems to have underestimated the extent of the challenge it faced: the amount of effort necessary and the degree of change required in its traditional power structure and park operations.

After the war medicine images safe 0.2% alphagan, the survivors would have different memories of who named the plane medicine dispenser order alphagan 0.2% amex, but in a letter penned that fall medications jaundice cheap alphagan 0.2%, Phil would write that it was copilot George Moznette who suggested Super Man symptoms 3 days before period order 0.2% alphagan with visa. He just missed Pete, who came for a visit only a few minutes after his brother hung up. Sometime after speaking to Louie, Louise pulled out a set of note cards on which she kept lists of Christmas card recipients. Courtesy of Louis Zamperini Before he left Hamilton Field, Louie dropped a little package in the mail, addressed to his mother. Every morning, through all that lay ahead for her, Louise would pin the wings to her dress. West to east, the empire sprawled over more than six thousand miles, from the border of India to the Gilbert and Marshall islands in the central Pacific. In the Pacific, virtually everything above Australia and west of the international date line had been taken by Japan. Only a few eastward islands had been spared, among them the Hawaiian Islands, Midway, Canton, Funafuti, and a tiny paradise called Palmyra. From this day forward, until victory or defeat, transfer, discharge, capture, or death took them from it, the vast Pacific would be beneath and around them. Its bottom was already littered with downed warplanes and the ghosts of lost airmen. There were still a few gouges in the roof of the Hickam Field barracks, making for soggy airmen when it rained. The island was on constant alert for air raids or invasion, and was so heavily camouflaged, a ground crewman wrote in his diary, that "one sees only about of what is actually there. To reach their beloved waves, local surfers had to worm their way under the barbed wire that ran the length of Waikiki Beach. The 372nd squadron was sent to Kahuku, a beachside base at the foot of a blade of mountains on the north shore. Louie and Phil, who would soon be promoted to first lieutenant, were assigned to a barracks with Mitchell, Moznette, twelve other young officers, and hordes of mosquitoes. On another night, as Louie and Phil wrestled over a beer, they crashed into the flimsy partition separating their room from the next. The partition keeled over, and Phil and Louie kept staggering forward, toppling two more partitions before they stopped. When Colonel William Matheny, the 307th Bomb Group commander, saw the wreckage, he grumbled something about how Zamperini must have been involved. Phil gaped at it, marveling at the distillation of frustrated flyboy libido that had inspired it. In its place were endless lectures, endless training, and, when Moznette was transferred to another crew, the breaking in of a series of temporary copilots. Only the flight deck up front was heated, so the men in the rear tramped around in fleece jackets, fur-lined boots, and, sometimes, electrically heated suits. The ground crewmen used the bombers as flying iceboxes, hiding soda bottles in them and retrieving them, ice-cold, after missions. Though they had a few mishaps-Phil once taxied Super Man straight into a telephone pole-in aerial gunning, they nailed targets at a rate more than three times the squadron average. The biggest chore of training was coping with the nitpicking, rank-pulling, much-loathed lieutenant who oversaw their flights. When Louie offered to fly on three engines so long as the lieutenant joined them, the lieutenant abruptly changed his mind. The bullets, it turned out, carried lethal speed for only a few feet after entering the water. When a loudmouth ground officer griped about the higher pay allotted to airmen, the crew invited him to fly the plane himself. When the officer took the yoke, Louie began tugging the chains, making the plane swoop up and down. The officer panicked, Louie smothered his laughter, and Phil kept a perfect poker face. On another day, to get even with Cuppernell and Phil for regularly stealing his chewing gum, Louie replaced his ordinary gum with a laxative variety.

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Gifts of used clothing and other household items highlighted the economic inequality separating domestic and employer 4 medications purchase alphagan 0.2% amex. Employers used domestics as confidantes symptoms of hiv discount alphagan 0.2% with mastercard, another behavior that reinforced the notion that domestics were outsiders (Rollins 1985) symptoms after embryo transfer order alphagan 0.2% visa. Domestics were confined to one area of the house treatment integrity cheap 0.2% alphagan with amex, usually the kitchen, and were expected to make themselves invisible when in other areas of the house. Judith Rollins recounts her reactions to being objectified in this fashion, to being treated as invisible while her employers had a conversation around her: It was this aspect of servitude I found to be one of the strongest affronts to my dignity as a human being. Thomas and her son, I became invisible; their conversation was private with me, the black servant, in the room as it would have been with no one in the room. In the South, Black women entered tobacco factories, cotton mills, and flour manufacturing. Some of the dirtiest jobs in these industries were offered to African-American women. In the cotton mills Black women were employed as common laborers in the yards, as waste gatherers, and as scrubbers of machinery (Glenn 1985). With Northern migration, some Black women entered factory employment, primarily in steam laundries and the rest in unmechanized jobs as sweepers, cleaners, and ragpickers. Regardless of their location, African-American women faced discrimination (Terborg-Penn 1985). Even though the hours were long and the pay low in the occupations where Black women remained concentrated, they did have more time to devote to their families and communities than that available to live-in domestic workers. During the first wave of urbanization, AfricanAmericans re-created the types of communities they had known in their Southern rural communities (Gutman 1976). Racial segregation in housing and employment meant that African-Americans continued to live in self-contained communities even after migration to Northern cities. The cooperative networks that these women created under slavery and that they sustained in the rural South often endured. Black women domestic workers who rode buses together shared vital information essential to their survival. After 1945, a changing global economy in conjunction with the emergence of a new postcolonial, transnational context fostered significant shifts in Black civil society. Globally, numerous groups waged successful anticolonial struggles that resulted in new nation-states in Africa and Asia. When combined, these international and domestic political shifts greatly affected the relationship between work and family for African-American women. On the one hand, the period has been marked by substantial gains in formal political rights for U. Blacks acquired unprecedented access to education, housing, and jobs long denied under legal segregation. Blacks pursued a policy of gaining civil rights and equal treatment in housing, schools, jobs, and public accommodation. From this working-class "center," many Blacks experienced social mobility into the fledgling Black middle class. While many AfricanAmericans benefited from the changed legislative climate, many others did not. The downwardly mobile-those who lost their jobs and failed to find new ones-joined a growing population of poor Blacks that had been on the bottom all along. This growing group on the bottom, often referred to as the "Black underclass," was not the cause of Black economic disadvantage but, instead, constituted one outcome. During this period, Black civil society underwent considerable change, much of it influenced by gender-specific patterns of Black incorporation in an increasingly global political economy (Brewer 1993; Squires 1994; Wilson 1996). Black women could find work, but it was often part time, low paid, and lacking in security and benefits (Wilson 1996). Moreover, the introduction of crack cocaine in urban Black neighborhoods in the early 1980s incorporated men and women into the informal economy in gender-specific ways. Drugs became a major employer of young Black men, and young Black women looked to these men for financial assistance. Blacks grew up in communities that were markedly different than those prior to the 1980s.

See also Hiram Martin Chittenden treatment multiple sclerosis buy 0.2% alphagan free shipping, Yellowstone National Park: Historical and Descriptive (1895; rev treatment narcolepsy alphagan 0.2% line. In 1994 Death Valley National Monument was redesignated a national park and expanded to include more acreage than Yellowstone treatment 3rd stage breast cancer generic alphagan 0.2% mastercard. The term ``national park' was not used in the Yellowstone Park Act itself treatment xanthelasma discount 0.2% alphagan with visa, but was used during debates over passage of the act. Haines, Yellowstone National Park: Its Exploration and Establishment (Washington, D. Not until thirty-five years later, when he compiled a diary and published it in 1905, did Langford produce his account of the campfire discussion, including a suspicious amount of detail in light of the length of time elapsed. By then, with several new parks created, the national park idea had attained greater popularity; thus, recognition for having helped conceive the idea may have had special appeal to Langford. With such meager historical documentation, the campfire story cannot be proved or disproved. Whether or not it is rooted in historical fact, the story achieved legendary status. Cramton, Early History of Yellowstone National Park and Its Relation to National Park Policies (Washington, D. As examples of the size of some of the larger parks, at the time of their authorization, Sequoia comprised 161,597 acres; Yosemite, 719,622; Mt. Rainier, 207,360; Crater Lake, 159,360; Mesa Verde, 79,561; and Rocky Mountain, 229,062. With additions and deletions of park lands, the size of the parks would vary over time. Zumwalt with increasing the size of Yosemite and Sequoia as originally legislated. See also Roderick Frazier Nash, the Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 35. He also examines the ``cultural nationalism' factor in the park movement, asserting that Americans looked to the monumental scenery of the parks as an affirmation that their young nation was not inferior to Europe. Boeger, Oklahoma Oasis: From Platt National Park to Chickasaw National Recreation Area (Muskogee, Oklahoma: Western Heritage Books, 1987). Much later, and with the precedent of size long established, President Jimmy Carter would use the Antiquities Act to establish vast national monuments in Alaska. Today, units of the national park system have approximately two dozen different designations-including national parks, national monuments, national preserves, and national recreation areas, plus a bewildering variety of designations for historic and prehistoric sites. Throughout this study the terms ``national park' and ``park' are used interchangeably to refer to units of the national park system, whatever their individual designation, unless otherwise specified. Unless specifically noted, as in this instance, italics in quoted material appear in the original.

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