Condet

Anthony J. Trevor PhD

• Professor Emeritus, Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco

http://cmp.ucsf.edu/faculty/anthony-trevor

Public access is one thing managing diabetes 55 buy generic metformin 850 mg online, but full access might well be limited by page views diabetes warfarin diet discount 850 mg metformin fast delivery, expiring sessions diabetes insipidus medical alert bracelets order metformin 850 mg line, and export limitations to a certain number of records diabetes typ 2 kurze definition buy generic metformin 500 mg, pages, 15 or documents at a time, as various online resources have shown. However, the Canadian Copyright Act [C-42] does not refer to systematic downloading or to database rights, and though the library cautions that every user is responsible to be aware of copyright, there is no information available about how much downloading is considered systematic, and which International Copyright law forbids it. The above is not meant to be a criticism of our librarians: they are protecting the interests of their patrons, and rightly so (though perhaps, due to pressure from vendor agreements, leaning more to limiting 12 But this analysis is 12 Franco Moretti, Conjectures on World Literature, New Left Review 1 (JanuaryFebruary 2000). It is also important to recognize a potential impediment to conducting digital research and publication on individual projects, specically, that user licenses have shifted expectations and rights that we have come to expect as readers and writers. Knopf has noted, regarding so-called use rights, sf s uy ookD s need neither further permission nor further pyment to red itD or to quote or opy short or insustntil exerpts from itD for ny resonD or even longer portionsD if suh opying mounts to fir delingF s n resell my opy of the ookD lend itD rent itD put it on reserve in the lirryD opy hunks of it for interlirry lonD ndD generlly get my money9s worth from it nd shre it with others without further worryF sf my lw (rm uys opyD everyone n shre itF ine the time of qutenergD this is how the world hs gotten smrterF xowD if someone puts tht ook into eletroni formtD ll of sudden everyone gets exited nd worried nd wnts to rete new rights nd limit old usesF. While many important projects already mentioned have begun this process, there is still much for literary scholars to do, especially in terms of re-imagining what an edition is or ought to do in a digital environment. A scholarly edition need no longer be imagined as a single text; it might be something closer to an archive or a system of archives. Assuming that the texts truly are released into the public domain, a potentially useful source for page images is Google Books; however, while out-of-copyright books are available to freely search, link to , or download, the image quality is low and editorial/curatorial selection and bibliographical data have not been priorities: there are no lters, for example, that limit search results to items catalogued in the Available for free at Connexions <cnx. Furthering the general uglication of e-books, subsequent use or distribution requires that the Google watermark remain on every page. The tremendous good that is the result of Google Books for early modern works is that it has released these images of public domain texts for the public to freely use. The Google Books project, like the work of Wikimedia in asserting public domain rights, will benet all scholars and 20 readers, insofar as their unrestricted availability on the Internet establishes a precedent for public access. However, as Robert Darnton has argued, we are facing with Google Books a fundamental change in the 21 digital world by consolidating power in the hands of one company. One key to sustainability for non-commercialized digital projects might have to be a willingness by textual scholars (including those who do not consider themselves digital humanists) to negotiate the rights to study and analyze, to quote from, and to re-distribute digital documentswhether as faithful replications of works now out of copyright or as quotations from recent digital texts, recordings and movies. For these reasons, the Grub Street Project aims to explore some of the new possibilities inherent in creating and publishing a scholarly digital edition/collection that is, in short, as usle as possible for as many readers as possible. Perhaps for this reason, scholarly projects for the most part can only dream of the tremendous volunteer participation by the free culture community all over the world in projects such as Project Gutenberg, Wikipedia, or Creative Commons. For example, the proprietary e-book software DynaText is now out of business, and books in this format cannot be read on recent Macs unless they happen to be running Windows. Publication of digital editions and text that are not open access will also limit their use and their contributions to public knowledge. Another major diculty, then, for digital projects is establishing long-term access, ease of use, ease of contributions, and long-term compatibility of the interface with web browsers. Should I gamble on any scripting language or display that is not the most ubiquitous of current web technologies The next important issue concerning sustainability, and one, I think, that is less attended to , is determining how readers use and interact with the digital texts we create. The success of both Project Gutenberg and Wikipedia in continuing to attract so many volunteer contributors is not only because they contribute so much to public knowledge, but also because they are built on unremarkable technologies that are easy to use. I will need to know how many users of my interface are frustrated and give up because they cannot nd what they are looking for / do not have the appropriate version of a plugin installed or enabled / cannot navigate a complex interface, etc. More sophisticated users will want to apply text analysis tools to digital texts, but these texts should also appeal to those who, apart from keyword searching, for the most part read them in a linear fashion or annotate them with few other demands than typical word processing. These groups or review tags are easily added, and could be readily ltered from a set of results to exclude, say, My favorite early modern zombie mashups). Arguably, any digital text should aim to be as usable as, and more useful than, a book: to be as usable, it should not need instructions for opening, paging through, searching, or bookmarking; to be more useful, I think (to be terribly opinionated here), means scholarly texts should be available for categorization and annotation in the wild. These, at least, are my own aims, and certainly the most successful online digital projects share many of these characteristics, other than the relatively new prospects for Web 2. Ideally, usability testing (especially focusing on prospective readers who are not digital scholars) would be ongoing throughout and beyond the development of any digital project, though like every other aspect of digital publishing there is little or no institutional infrastructure to support and reward such activities. Do we know how many readers/users make advantageous use of Boolean search techniques, full-text proximity searches, or wildcards How many searches benet from painstaking markup (now and years from now when eventually intelligent programs will surely recognize contextual indicators of Paris as place versus Paris of Greek mythology)

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The average man in his 20s weighs around 185 pounds and by his 30s weighs approximately 200 pounds diabetes maintenance medications purchase 500 mg metformin free shipping. The average American woman weighs 162 pounds in her 20s and 170 pounds in her 30s diabetes prevention program 2013 order metformin 850mg fast delivery. This translates to 266 million obese men and 375 million obese women in the world diabetes type 2 myths effective 850 mg metformin, and more people were identified as obese than underweight diabetes symptoms hand pain metformin 500mg cheap. Societal factors include culture, education, food marketing and promotion, the quality of food, and the physical activity environment available. Behaviors leading to obesity include diet, the amount of physical activity, and medication use. Rather, research has identified variants in several genes that may contribute to obesity by increasing hunger and food intake. The genes that helped our ancestors survive occasional famines are now being challenged by environments in which food is plentiful all the time. Overall, obesity most likely results from complex interactions among the environment and multiple genes. Additionally, the medical care costs of obesity in the United States were estimated to be $147 billion in 2008. However, the top five causes of death in emerging and early adulthood are non-intentional injury (including motor vehicle accidents), homicide, and suicide with cancer and heart disease completing the list (Heron, & Smith, 2007). Rates of violent death (homicide, suicide, and accidents) are highest among young adult males, and vary by race and ethnicity. Rates of violent death are higher in the United States than in Canada, Mexico, Japan, and other selected countries. Males are 3 times more likely to die in auto accidents than are females (Frieden, 2011). Heavy drinking is defined as drinking five or more drinks on the same occasion on each of five or more days in the past 30 days. Nearly 88,000 people (approximately 62,000 men and 26,000 women) die from alcohol-related causes annually, making it the fourth leading preventable cause of death in the United States. In 2014, alcohol-impaired driving fatalities accounted for 9,967 deaths (31% of overall driving fatalities). This typically occurs after four drinks for women and five drinks for men in approximately two hours. In 2014, 25% of people ages 18 or older reported that they engaged in binge drinking in the past month. Over the long term, frequent binge drinking can damage the liver and other organs," (p. The role alcohol plays in predicting acquaintance rape on college campuses is of particular concern. Krebs, Lindquist, Warner, Fisher and Martin (2009) found that over 80% of sexual assaults on college campuses involved alcohol. Females are more likely to blame themselves and to be blamed by others if they were intoxicated when raped. College students view perpetrators who were drinking as less responsible, and victims who were drinking as more responsible for the assaults (Untied, Orchowski, Mastroleo, & Gidycz, 2012). These include the pervasive availability of alcohol, inconsistent enforcement of underage drinking laws, unstructured time, coping with stressors, and limited interactions with parents and other adults. Due to social pressures to conform and expectations when entering college, the first six weeks of Source freshman year are an especially susceptible time for students. Additionally, more drinking occurs in colleges with active Greek systems and athletic programs. Alcohol consumption is lowest among students living with their families and commuting, while it is highest among those living in fraternities and sororities. Interventions include education and awareness programs, as well as intervention by health professionals. At the college-level, reducing the availability of alcohol has proven effective by decreasing both consumption and negative consequences.

Only two commenters recommended to retain these species because ``antibiotic treatment should not be considered for removing the agent metabolic disease symptoms in infants buy generic metformin 500mg on line. In addition juvenile diabetes diet management generic metformin 850 mg line, a validated sterility testing protocol to ensure that the inactivation method has rendered a select agent nonviable or regulated nucleic acids that can produce infectious forms of any select agent virus non-infectious would be required to be conducted diabetes symptoms early stages generic metformin 850mg line. We are also proposing that written records be kept for a select agent or extracts that have been subjected to a procedure to render them non-viable or regulated nucleic acids that can produce infectious forms of any select agent virus that have been subjected to a procedure to render them noninfectious diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease discount metformin 850 mg without prescription. We are also soliciting ideas as to whether there are other methods that should be required to validate the rendering of a select agent non-viable or regulated nucleic acids that can produce infectious forms of any select agent virus non-infectious. However, this exclusion applies to the transfer of select toxins ``only after the transferor uses due diligence and documents that the recipient has a legitimate need. This provision was added to the select agent regulations to address the concern that someone might be able to covertly stockpile toxins by receiving multiple orders below the excluded amount. We are proposing to add a more specific documentation requirement to the toxin exclusion provision to require the transferor to document the identity of the recipient and the legitimate need. Information required to be documented would also include the name of the toxin and the total amount transferred. The inhalation models analyzed toxin releases in three different indoor public facilities that experience heavy commuter volume (population details for these facilities are given in Table 1). The models used 10 random locations within each facility (potential release locations and population evenly spaced throughout occupied area) at 10 random times. We are proposing that for an agent to be ``non-viable,' or to render a nucleic acids that can produce infectious forms of any select agent virus non-infectious for future use, an entity must use a validated method. A validated method means that the method must be scientifically sound such that method will produce consistent results each time the method is used. As outlined in our guidance for ``Non-viable Select Agents and Nonfunctional Select Toxins and Rendering Samples Free of Select Agents and Toxins' As part of the inactivation procedure, an entity would be required to develop a site specific kill curve to identify conditions of inactivation for each select agent or regulated nucleic acids that can produce infectious forms of any select agent virus. If there are strain-to-strain variations in resistance of a select agent to the inactivation procedure, then a specific kill curve would be required to be developed for each strain that undergoes the inactivation procedure. Production details and specifics of how the toxins were introduced were not considered. In particular, the largest scenarios involve contaminating greater than ten million servings, which was determined to be implausible in practice. We are, however, still seeking comment from those who may believe that we should retain the current exclusion limits. Therefore, based on the low toxicity of short, paralytic alpha-conotoxins and the high dosage required for inhalation exposure, we are proposing that the alpha-conotoxin be removed from the select toxin list (Ref. Toxins: Exclusion of Original Food Samples and Clinical Samples Original food samples and clinical samples are those specimens that are submitted to laboratories for diagnosis or verification purposes to identify or verify a biological agent or toxin. For example, an original food sample could be a container of potato salad or juice. Laboratories that test food sample and clinical samples for the presence of toxins generally do not know the level of toxin in a sample and do not extract and purify a toxin as part of their studies. Exemptions for Select Agents and Toxins Informing Specimen Provider Since a registered or certified reference laboratory typically confirms the identification of a select agent or toxin for public health and agriculture, clinical and diagnostic laboratories, we are proposing to require the registered or certified reference laboratory inform the specimen provider of the identification. In the past, we have received comments that argued that the seven day requirement for transferring or destroying select agents or toxins used for diagnosis or testing is too short a time limit. Therefore, we are seeking comments to determine if seven calendar days provides a sufficient amount of time for the entity to destroy or transfer the select agents or toxins after identification. However, once delivery of patient care for an illness associated with a select agent or toxin has concluded these specimens would become subject to the regulatory requirements. An entity unable to meet all of the regulatory requirements necessary to retain the material will then have the option of transferring the material containing the select agent or toxin in accord with the select agent regulations or destroying the materials within seven calendar days of the conclusion of patient care. This requirement also provides that the results of each inspection must be documented, and any deficiencies identified during an inspection must be corrected. We are adding a requirement that the Responsible Official must also document the corrective actions taken by the entity to address any identified deficiencies.

Third-party companies that would use Intel as a foundry would do so in order to get a device from Intel diabetes type 2 tattoo buy 850mg metformin free shipping, combine it with their own pieces diabetic diet log sheet generic metformin 500mg without a prescription, and sell it as their own product managing diabetes type 1 discount 850 mg metformin with amex. For patent exhaustion to apply diabetes diet hong kong discount metformin 500 mg overnight delivery, the licensor-licensee agreement and the licensee-third party sale must both be unconditional. Intel decided to send stand-alone letters notifying its customers of the license restriction. The Federal Circuit later rejected this argument by stating, without detail, that the letters were permissible modifications to the contract and thus, enforceable. The court did not explain its analysis on contract interpretation and enforceability of the modifications. With thousands of semiconductors in every electronic device, the industry will continue to grow. To facilitate such growth, companies have found effective solutions to their problems, like broad crosslicensing to avoid patent litigation. The foundry problem is one more challenge for the semiconductor industry to overcome. Many valuable and innovative companies cannot afford fabrication facilities and have to use foundries to fabricate semiconductor devices. Contractual limits on the rights transferred in a licensing agreement present the best way to solve the foundry problem while not impeding the use of foundries. These agreements should also require that these limitations be adequately communicated to third parties who contract with the foundry. This way, third-party companies in need of fabrication who contract with a licensee-foundry know which patents are under what restrictions and do not have to run the risk of infringement. This practice would also make licensors safe from competitors gaining access to important technologies by going through licensee foundries that they would not have otherwise licensed. Greene If the Federal Circuit had its way, the doctrine of equivalents would be no more. Because the court did not clearly define the rule, its scope and implications have yet to be determined. However, given the general contours of the new rule, it arguably fills a void left by other limiting principles. This Note presents an overview of the recent efforts made by the Federal Circuit to limit the doctrine of equivalents and examines the new limiting principle adopted by the court in Bicon. Part I briefly recounts the evolution of the doctrine of equivalents and explores the major principles instituted by the Federal Circuit which limit the application of the doctrine. The Court was concerned that a patent right in a coal car having a circular form would be tenuous if the public could avoid infringement by freely varying the circular structure of the car. The doctrine of equivalents therefore serves to expand the scope of a patent beyond what the patentee has literally claimed. By adding an element of uncertainty in discerning the scope of the patent claims, the doctrine of equivalents conflicts with the publicnotice function of patents and threatens to prevent noninfringing and inventive acts because competitors cannot distinguish a permissible substitute from an infringing equivalent. It would deprive him of the benefit of his invention and would foster concealment rather than disclosure of inventions. The Court found that an accused device would infringe a patented invention under the doctrine of equivalents "if it performs substantially the same function in substantially the same way to ob- 14. Gilson, the Legal Infrastructure of High Technology Industrial Districts:Silicon Valley, Route 128, and Covenants Not to Compete, 74 N. Gordon, the Growing Importance of the Claim Vitiation Defense in Patent Cases (pt. This clarity is essential to promote progress, because it enables efficient investment in innovation. See Meurer & Nard, supra note 10, at 1978 ("Good patent policy should balance the benefits created by expanded patent scope against the costs of expanded scope and fuzzy property rights. There can be no denying that the doctrine of equivalents, when applied broadly, conflicts with the definitional and public-notice function 24 of the statutory claiming requirement.

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