Condet

Robert L. Benz MD, FACP

• Clinical Professor of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia,
• Pennsylvania
• Chief, Division of Nephrology, Main Line Health System
• Nephrology
• Fellowship Director, Lankenau Hospital, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania

To determine whether two variables are independent given a set of conditioned variables erectile dysfunction drugs bangladesh purchase 30 caps vimax with mastercard, consider all paths connecting the two variables erectile dysfunction treatment bayer cheap vimax 30caps with amex. For a set of local distributions defined as p1 (x1 x2 erectile dysfunction at age 33 discount 30caps vimax with visa, x4) impotence vs sterile purchase vimax 30 caps online, p2 (x2 x1, x3), p3 (x3 x2, x4), p4 (x4 x1, x3) (4. For binary b, explain a situation in which this is not the case, so that marginally, a and c are independent. The restricted Boltzmann machine (or Harmonium[253]) is a specially constrained Boltzmann machine on a bipartite graph, consisting of a layer of visible variables v = (v1. Show that the distribution of hidden units conditional on the visible units factorises as p(h v) = i p(hi v), with p(hi v) = bi + Wji vj j (4. The undirected graph represents a Markov Network with nodes x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, counting clockwise around the pentagon with potentials (xi, x1+mod(i,5)). Show that the joint distribution can be written as p(x1, x2, x3, x4, x5) = p(x1, x2, x5)p(x2, x4, x5)p(x2, x3, x4) p(x2, x5)p(x2, x4) (4. Two research labs work independently on the relationship between discrete variables x and y. Lab A proudly announces that they have ascertained distribution pA (x y) from data. Is it always possible to find a joint distribution p(x, y) consistent with the results of both labs Is it possible to define consistent marginals p(x) and p(y), in the sense that p(x) = y pA (x y)p(y) and p(y) = x pB (y x)p(x) If the lists also contain dependence statements, how could one attempt to find a distribution that is consistent with both lists Write p(x z) using a formula involving (all or some of) p(z w), p(w x, y), p(x), p(y). Write p(y z) using a formula involving (all or some of) p(z w), p(w x, y), p(x), p(y). Using the above results, derive an explicit condition for x y z and explain if this is satisfied for this distribution. Consider the distribution p(t1, t2, y1, y2, h) = p(y1 t1, h)p(y2 t2, h)p(t1)p(t2)p(h) 1. Consider the distribution p(a, b, c, d) = ab (a, b)bc (b, c)cd (c, d)da (d, a) where the are potentials. Show how for any singly-connected Markov network, one may construct a Markov equivalent Belief Network. For example, computing a marginal conditioned on a subset of variables being in a particular state would be an inference task. The main focus of this chapter is on efficient inference algorithms for marginal inference in singly-connected structures. An efficient algorithm for multiply-connected graphs will be considered in chapter(6). Marginal inference is concerned with the computation of the distribution of a subset of variables, possibly conditioned on another subset. For example, given a joint distribution p(x1, x2, x3, x4, x5), a marginal inference given evidence calculation is p(x5 x1 = tr) p(x1 = tr, x2, x3, x4, x5) x2,x3,x4 (5. In principle the algorithms carry over to continuous variable models although the lack of closure of most continuous distributions under marginalisation (the Gaussian being a notable exception) can make the direct transference of these algorithms to the continuous domain problematic. To develop this idea, consider the four variable Markov chain (Markov chains are discussed in more depth in section(23. Then p(a = 0) = b{0,1},c{0,1},d{0,1} p(a = 0, b, c, d) = b{0,1},c{0,1},d{0,1} p(a = 0 b)p(b c)p(c d)p(d) (5. Variable Elimination can be carried out in time linear in the number of variables in the chain. A more efficient approach is to push the summation over d as far to the right as possible: p(a = 0) = b{0,1},c{0,1} p(a = 0 b)p(b c) d{0,1} p(c d)p(d) d (c) (5.

In accordance with legislation passed by the Texas Legislature erectile dysfunction drugs names buy vimax 30 caps visa, the number of hours for which state universities may receive subvention funding at the doctoral rate for any individual is limited to 99 hours erectile dysfunction without drugs buy 30caps vimax with visa. Texas A&M University and other universities will not receive subvention for hours in excess of the limit impotence from prostate removal cheap vimax 30 caps with visa. Changes in the approved degree plan may be made by petition to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies erectile dysfunction medication samples discount vimax 30caps free shipping. A student should submit the degree plan and petitions using the online Document Processing Submission System located on the website at ogsdpss. Please refer to the Time Limits section in each degree program section in which the student is presently enrolled. Each petition will be considered on its own merit by the Associate Provost for Graduate and Professional Studies. Residence Requirement A major purpose of the residence requirements for graduate degrees is to ensure that the student has an opportunity to benefit from the advantages of a university environment. These advantages include accessibility of library, laboratory and other physical facilities, and also the opportunity to participate in seminars and a variety of cultural activities. Equally important to the graduate student are the advantages of becoming acquainted with the faculty and other students on a personal and a professional basis. Another major purpose of the residence requirements for graduate degrees is to ensure that the faculty have the opportunity to properly evaluate the student and his or her development, to guide and direct his or her studies, and to determine competency. The minimum time required to qualify for an advanced degree varies with the ability and preparation of the student. A student may find it necessary to extend his/her studies beyond the minimum requirements. For specific minimum residence requirements, a student should check the additional requirements for the degree which he/she is pursuing. The maximum number of credit hours which may be considered for transfer credit is the greater of 12 hours or one-third (1/3) of the total hours of a degree plan. Degree Plan A graduate student must file a degree plan which includes those courses to be applied toward a particular degree and formally establishes the advisory committee. Courses previously used for another degree are not acceptable for degree plan credit. Lower division undergraduate coursework (100- and 200-level) may not be used for credit toward a graduate degree. The maximum number of credit hours taken in postbaccalaureate non-degree (G6) classification at Texas A&M which may be considered for application to the degree plan is 12. An official transcript from the university at which transfer courses are taken must be sent directly to the Office of Admissions. The preliminary examination for a doctoral student shall be given no earlier than a date at which the student is within 6 credit hours of completion of the formal coursework on the degree plan. The exam may consist of a written component, oral component, or combination of written and oral components. The preliminary exam may be administered by the advisory committee or a departmental committee; herein referred to as the examination committee. Regardless of exam format, a student will receive an overall preliminary exam result of pass or fail. Credit for coursework submitted for transfer from any college or university must be shown in semester credit hours, or equated to semester credit hours. If the course to be transferred was taken prior to the conferral of a degree at the transfer institution, a letter from the registrar at that institution stating that the course was not applied for 294 Degree Requirements 3 degree program, the department or interdisciplinary degree program faculty must: a. The examination committee must agree upon and communicate in writing to the student, an adequate time-frame from the first examination (normally six months) to retest, as well as a detailed explanation of the inadequacies emerging from the examination. The student and the committee should jointly negotiate a mutually acceptable date for this retest. The examination committee will document and communicate the time-frame and feedback within 10 working days of the exam that was not passed.

The Kellerberrin project on fragmented landscapes: a review of current information erectile dysfunction information generic vimax 30 caps on line. Independent effects of forest cover and fragmentation on the distribution of forest breeding birds elite custom erectile dysfunction pump proven vimax 30caps. Role of isolation and habitat quality in shaping species abundance: a test with badgers (Meles meles L erectile dysfunction 32 buy vimax 30 caps. Many regional economies erectile dysfunction related to prostate discount 30caps vimax fast delivery, if not entire civilizations, have been built on free-for-all extractive industries, and history is littered with examples of boom-and-bust economic cycles following the emergence, escalation and rapid collapse of unsustainable industries fuelled by raw renewable resources. Human exploitation of biological commodities involves resource extraction from the land, freshwater bodies or oceans, so that wild animals, plants or their products are used for a wide variety of purposes ranging from food to fuel, shelter, fiber, construction materials, household and garden items, pets, medicines, and cosmetics. Overexploitation occurs when the harvest rate of any given population exceeds its natural replacement rate, either through reproduction alone in closed populations or through both reproduction and immigration from other populations. Many species are relatively insensitive to harvesting, remaining abundant under relatively high rates of offtake, whereas others can be driven to local extinction by even the lightest levels of offtake. Fishing, hunting, grazing, and logging are classic consumer-resource interactions and in natural systems such interactions tend to come into equilibrium with the intrinsic productivity of a given habitat and the rates at which resources are harvested. Furthermore, efficiency of exploitation by consumers and the highly variable intrinsic resilience to exploitation by resource populations may have often evolved over long periods. Central to these differences are species traits such as the population density (or stock size), the per capita growth rate of the population, spatial diffusion from other less harvested populations, and the direction and degree to which this growth responds to harvesting through either positive or negative density dependence. For example, many long-lived and slow-growing organisms are particularly vulnerable to the additive mortality resulting from even the lightest offtake, especially if these traits are combined with low dispersal rates that can inhibit population diffusion from adjacent unharvested source areas, should these be available. These species are often threatened by overhunting in many terrestrial ecosystems, unsustainable logging in tropical forest regions, cactus "rustling" in deserts, overfishing in marine and freshwater ecosystems, or many other forms of unsustainable extraction. For example, overhunting is the most serious threat to large vertebrates in tropical forests (Cunningham et al. Dark slices in pie charts indicate the proportion of species for which harvesting, accidental mortality or persecution by humans is the primary cause of population declines. Up to one billion wild frogs are estimated to be harvested every year for human consumption (Warkentin et al. I begin this chapter with a consideration of why people exploit natural populations, including the historical impacts of exploitation on wild plants and animals. This is followed by a review of effects of exploitation in terrestrial and aquatic biomes. Throughout the chapter, I focus on tropical forests and marine ecosystems because many plant and animal species in these realms have succumbed to some of the most severe and least understood overexploitation-related threats to population viability of contemporary times. I then explore impacts of exploitation on both target and non-target species, as well as cascading effects on the ecosystem. This leads to a reflection at the end of this chapter of resource management considerations in the real-world, and the clashes of culture between those concerned with either the theoretical underpinnings or effective policy solutions addressing the predicament of species imperiled by overexploitation. Modern hunter-gatherers and semi-subsistence farmers in tropical ecosystems, at varying stages of transition to an agricultural economy, still exploit a large number of plant and animal populations. By definition, exploited species extant today have been able to co-exist with some background level of exploitation. However, paleontological evidence suggests that prehistoric peoples have been driving prey populations to extinction long before the emergence of recorded history. The late Paleolithic archaeology of big-game hunters in several parts of the world shows the sequential collapse of their majestic lifestyle. Flint spearheads manufactured by western European CroMagnons became gradually smaller as they shifted down to ever smaller kills, ranging in size from mammoths to rabbits (Martin 1984).

A psychologist contemplating performing child custody evaluations is aware that special competencies and knowledge are required for the undertaking of such evaluations erectile dysfunction organic buy vimax 30caps without a prescription. Competence in performing psychological assessments of children most effective erectile dysfunction pills discount 30 caps vimax overnight delivery, adults erectile dysfunction creams and gels order vimax 30 caps overnight delivery, and families is necessary but not sufficient erectile dysfunction medicine in homeopathy cheap vimax 30caps otc. Education, training, experience, andlor supervision in the areas of child and family development, child and family psychopathology, and the impact of divorce on children help to prepare the psychologist to participate competently in child custody evaluations. The psychologist also strives to become familiar with applicable legal standards and procedures, including laws governing divorce and custody adjudications in his or her state or jurisdiction. This should not, however, preclude the psychologist from testifying in the case as a fact witness concerning treatment of the child. In addition, during the course of a child custody evaluation, a psychologist does not accept any of the involved participants in the evaluation as a therapy client. Therapeutic contact with the child or involved participants following a child custody evaluation is undertaken with caution. A psychologist asked to testify regarding a therapy client who is involved in a child custody case is aware of the limitations and possible biases inherent in such a role and the possible impact on the ongoing therapeutic relationship. Although the court may require the psychologist to testify as a fact witness regarding factual information he or she became aware of in a professional relationship with a client, that psychologist should generally decline the role of an expert witness who gives a professional opinion regarding custody and visitation issues (see Ethical Standard 7. The scope of the evaluation is determined by the evaluator, based on the nature of the referral question. The scope of the custody-related evaluation is determined by the nature of the question or issue raised by the refening person or the court, or is inherent in the situation. Although comprehensive child custody evaluations generally require an evaluation of all parents or guardians and children, as well as observations of interactions beJuly 1994 American Psychologist tween them, the scope of the assessment in a particular case may be limited to evaluating the parental capacity of one parent without attempting to compare the parents or to make recommendations. Or a psychologist may be asked to critique the assumptions and methodology of the assessment of another mental health professional. A psychologist also might serve as an expert witness in the area of child development, providing expertise to the court without relating it specifically to the parties involved in a case. The psychologist strives to acknowledge to the court any limitations in methods or data used. The psychologist does not give any opinion 3 regarding the psychological functioning of any individual who has not been personalty evaluated. This guideline, however, does not preclude the psychologist from reporting what an evaluated individual (such as the parent or child) has stated or from addressing theoretical issues or hypothetical questions, so long as the limited basis of the information is noted. Recommendations, if any, are based on what is in the best psychological interests of the child. The psychologist informs adult participants about the nature of the assessment instruments and techniques and informs those participants about the possible disposition of the data collected. A psychologist conducting a child custody evalua- tion ensures that the participants, including children to the extent feasible, are aware of the limits of confidentiality characterizing the professional relationship with the psychologist. A psychologist obtains a waiver of confidentiality from all adult participants or from their authorized legal representatives. The psychologist strives to use the most appropriate methods available for addressing the questions raised in a specific child custody evaluation and generally uses multiple methods of data gathering, including, but not limited to , clinical interviews, observation, andlor psychological assessments. Important facts and opinions are documented from at least two sources whenever their reliability is questionable. Psychologists may also interview extended family, friends, and other individuals on occasions when the information is likely to be useful. If information is gathered from third parties that is significant and may be used as a basis for conclusions, psychologists corroborate it by at least one other source wherever possible and appropriate and document this in the report. The psychologist neither overinterprets nor inappropdakly interprets clinical or assessment data. Although the profession has not reached consensus about whether psychologists ought to make recommendations about the final custody determination to the courts, psychologists are obligated to be aware of the arguments on both sides of this issue and to be able to explain the logic of their position concerning their own practice. If the psychologist does choose to make custody recommendations, these recommendations should be derived from sound psychological data and must be based on the best interests of the child in the particular case.

It became a major destination for gay men visiting Los Angeles and was featured in his magazine and films impotent rage definition cheap 30caps vimax visa, providing a sense of homoerotic camaraderie to thousands of customers impotence at 19 buy cheap vimax 30caps on line. His feisty editorials against the forces of censorship politicized his readers and urged them to organize and fight for their rights (Figure 9) erectile dysfunction treatment himalaya order vimax 30caps online. By 1960 buy generic erectile dysfunction drugs effective 30 caps vimax, the Guild Press was publishing several physique magazines, including titles that Womack had purchased from other publishers. In addition to developing a veritable gay physique magazine empire of over forty thousand subscribers, Womack expanded his business to include the Guild Book Service, a directory of gay bars, a bookstore chain (Village Books), a gay cinema, pen pal club, and a clothing line. With full-frontal nudity deemed legal, physique magazines (which had featured "posing straps") became less popular. Drewey Wayne Gunn and Jamie Harker (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013), 78-119; Jackie Hatton, "The Pornography Empire of H. Lynn Womack: Gay Political Discourse and Popular Culture 1955-1970," thresholds: viewing culture 7 (Spring 1993): 9-32; Joyce Murdoch and Deb Price, Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. The Supreme Court (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 65-88; Rodger Streitmatter and John C. Such publications played a central role in the "sex wars" of the 1990s over the complicated relationship between women, sex, and pornography. Many feminist bookstores refused to carry such openly erotic magazines, considering them objectifying and exploitative pornography. Their founders saw them as women-centered periodicals where lesbians took control of their own sexuality. The name referenced the common assumption that bisexual people have indiscriminate intimate relationships. Founded by Myrna Elana and Debi Sundahl who worked in the peep shows and sex clubs of the Tenderloin, they brought Susie Bright on board as advertising director. Bad Attitude was published from 1984 to 1987 at Gay Community News offices at 20-30 Bromfield Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Johnson 1999, the magazine was called Anything That Moves: the Magazine for the Family Bisexual. And it was also through such commercial enterprises that the community first began to organize and fight for its rights. And many of the first legal victories for gay rights were to secure the right to assemble in bars or circulate gay literature. The history of sex, love, and relationships among the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, two spirit, and otherwise sexual and gender minority communities in the United States is as varied and complex as that of their mainstream peers. It is in terms of these identities that "we mark ourselves as different from the dominant society- Tracy Baim and are marked by others as a deviant and marginalized social group. But how those have been defined and documented has shifted considerably in recent decades, causing modern-day historians to struggle with labeling people who mostly shunned such labels, or who had different or more secret ways to define themselves. Kramer and others have rightfully pointed out the lunacy of the contortions some historians have gone through to avoid giving their subjects a hint of what British Lord Alfred Douglas called "the love that dare not speak its name. They try to mask things in historical "context" by explaining away grown Susan Stryker and Jim Van Buskirk, Gay by the Bay: A History of Queer Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1996), 5. While Tolson and Hoover were acknowledged to be very close, historians debate whether Hoover had sexual relationships with men. See, for example, Anthony Summers, Official and Confidential: the Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Pocket Books, 1993); Richard Hack, Puppetmaster: the Secret Life of J. Jill Austin and Jennifer Brier (Chicago: Chicago History Museum, 2011), 63-75; and Judith M. Men thought to be homosexual could be put to death, subjected to corporal punishment, or in the very least, ostracized and shunned from society. Lesbians in some places may not have been publicly prosecuted (same-sex relationships between women were not necessarily a state crime or considered a crime against nature), but lesbians, gender nonconforming people, and bisexuals did endure extralegal punishment, including rape, to set them "straight. Poet Emily Dickinson never married, but letters from her to her sister-in-law Susan Huntington Dickinson are clearly romantic, passionate, and erotic (even though portions of the letters have been literally cut out, and there have been suggestions that editors of her writings changed some of her pronoun use from female to male; Figure 1).

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