Condet

Elisabeth R. Mathiesen MD, DMSc

• Associate Professor and Consultant in Endocrinology
• Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes
• Departments of Obstetrics and Endocrinology
• Rigshospitalet
• University of Copenhagen
• Faculty of Health Sciences
• Copenhagen, Denmark

Newborns are helpless and entirely dependent on their caretakers for protection and nurturance allergy medicine 16 month old purchase quibron-t 400mg online. During the first few months of life allergy symptoms alcohol purchase quibron-t 400mg without prescription, children become attached to persons who provide them with nourishment and remove noxious sources of stimulation allergy decongestant purchase 400mg quibron-t with amex, such as a soiled diaper allergy medicine otc comparison purchase 400 mg quibron-t otc. Adequately nurtured, most children develop a sound attachment to their caretakers, including a basic capacity to trust (Erikson, 1959) and the feeling that the world is a place of security that will provide for their fundamental biological and emotional needs. Eventually, as toddlers, they begin to develop their own independent agency, including a burning curiosity about the surrounding world. As they learn to crawl, they make brief excursions to explore their environments, using their caretakers as a secure base to which they can return for protection and reassurance. Eventually, children challenge the authority of their parents and learn one of the worst words that a parent can hear: "No! Rather than allow curiosity and agency to unfold naturally, they cater to the habits and needs of their children, memorize the idiosyncrasies of their biological rhythms and temperament, and constantly fret over their comfort. In effect, they remove any need to explore the world by bringing the world to the child. Such children are often so pampered that there is simply no reason for them to develop competencies that might generalize beyond the microcosm created by their caretakers. In effect, the increasing sophistication that accompanies psychological maturity fails to occur as normal developmental stages become drawn out over time. Constant attention to every need and nuance of their emotional state leaves children with little motivation to develop symbolic and linguistic capacities to name the objects they want or want removed. Fortunately, some children eventually come to resent the implicit intrusiveness of protection and successfully develop their own identity through some form of separation or rebellion. Other children, however, never outgrow early overprotection and remain dependent on the care and nurturance of more powerful figures. Such parents often pathologically discourage independence for fear of "losing their baby. Rather than let experience be the best teacher, they carry the child well beyond the walking stage, continue to spoon-feed, and discourage any motion that promises greater independence. Unusual illnesses or prolonged health issues may prompt normal parents to become overconcerned and tend to their child well beyond what is medically necessary. Conversely, an excessively worrisome and anxious parent may be hyperalert to the real needs of a normal child, resulting in undue attention and cuddling in infancy, followed by efforts to restrict natural curiosity and exploration later. Occasionally, special circumstances may throw parent and child together into an emotional symbiosis, as when one parent goes off to war or suffers some extreme accident or dies. Parents play the dominant role in creating dependent pathology, but other family members and peer group experiences are often contributing factors. If one child is much more dominant or aggressive, the other may be forced to adopt a submissive posture and run to parents for protection. Feelings of dependency may be amplified when children with dependent traits begin school and must separate for the first time from parents who have thus far been their lifelong protectors. Feelings of unattractiveness and competitive inadequacy, especially during adolescence, may result in social humiliation and self-doubt, causing children to return to previous attachments in compensation. Extending the ideas of Leary and his associates some years earlier, Benjamin (1996) emphasized that the dependent begins life with warmth, care, and attention and forms a normal attachment. Unfortunately, as the child grows older, the level of nurturance and protection remains constant, eventually being transformed into control, what Benjamin calls "relentless nurturance" (p. In turn, control pulls for submission, and at the same time, all efforts to regain autonomy are greeted with blame. The result is a submissive child for whom being controlled is normal and for whom independence violates the standards of previous relationships, thus creating intense feelings of guilt. The child then internalizes the belief that although others are instrumentally adequate, he or she is not and never should be. The Cognitive Perspective the interpersonal strategy of dependents, designed to secure care and protection, has important negative consequences for their self-image and cognitive development. Dependents usually describe themselves as weak, fragile, inadequate, inept, or incompetent. To keep their vulnerability controlled, many dependents prefer not to look too deeply into themselves, preferring instead to limit their awareness to the pleasantries of life, seeing only the good and never the bad. When difficulties are acknowledged, it is often with a saving silver lining that effectively undoes the problem by assuming that things will work out in the end.

How might dependents develop and maintain their dichotomizing and catastrophizing ways The answer might be found in the core beliefs of their caretakers allergy medicine mold purchase 400 mg quibron-t, who often model appraisal processes that present the life of the future dependent as one narrowly averted crisis after the next allergy shots safety buy generic quibron-t 400 mg online. There are some parents who believe their children are always in extreme danger; even when the children are sleeping peacefully in bed allergy forecast nyc mold quibron-t 400mg amex, they are convinced the risk of death or injury is always lurking around the corner allergy shots inflammation purchase quibron-t 400mg otc. As the children begin to develop normal autonomy, these parents imagine outrageous scenarios of doom, each of which points to a single absolute result, "Freedom is the enemy of safety. Future dependents thus internalize the extreme fear projected by parents, learning appraisal processes that always conclude, "To trust in myself is disaster," and "Others must save me from myself. A second aspect of the cognition of dependents is their cognitive style, which features thought patterns especially likely to remain global and diffuse. Because dependents seldom look inward, they necessarily develop only vague ideas about their self-identity and direction. When asked about her life plan, for example, Sharon might think to herself: "Continue on with Tom and enjoy life together. A full understanding of the cognitive characteristics of dependents requires some knowledge of the normal pattern of cognitive development. According to Piaget (1954), the last stage of cognitive development is the development of formal operations, when children acquire the capacity to represent the world abstractly. More recent thinkers, however, have argued that beyond formal operations lies another stage of thought, which is concerned with the development of judgment. Having applied our abstract abilities to construct the world in many different ways, we inevitably discover that no one way or philosophy of life captures everything that life is. Instead, the world is naturally complex, so complex, in fact, that it cannot be put completely into any single philosophical system. All philosophies and perspectives are necessarily simplifications of the world, and as simplifications, certain things are necessarily omitted. No matter how good any perspective sounds in the abstract, it eventually fails in the concrete. In this case, knowing what to do and why becomes a matter of judgment and rests on a knowledge of the alternative possibilities, how likely each is to succeed or fail and why, and the costs and benefits to all parties involved. Most important, however, good judgment requires the self-confidence necessary to construct a reasoned plan laid open and exposed to the scrutiny of those it affects, all of whom have definite public and private expectations about the outcome. Most dependents, with their lives micromanaged by competent authority figures since infancy, never develop the potential for making such qualitatively sophisticated judgments. Others either assume dependents are incapable or naturally take control themselves and decide, for every life question, what the best outcome would be and how to get there. Either way, dependents repeatedly find themselves encapsulated in a world that actively discourages the development of cognitive sophistication. Necessity may be the mother of invention, but it is also the mother of a variety of cognitive talents, especially the ability to form plans, to hold a variety of alternatives in mind, to determine the criteria for a good outcome for self and others, and to assess the probabilities that a given course of action will be successful. However, this does not mean that dependent personalities are necessarily ignorant or uneducated. For example, in a school environment, where the concrete expectations of good grades wins approval, praise, and affection from parents and teachers, many normal-range dependents readily conform and produce better-than-average report cards. But placed in a context where future evaluations are inevitable and the course of action is ambiguous, even more normal-range dependents are likely to feel anxious or depressed. Those with a diagnosable disorder are likely to simply flee or break down in tears. Their overall lack of cognitive sophistication preempts the possibility of weighing all alternatives and calculating benefit-loss ratios from the perspectives of every individual affected. Moreover, their fear of disappointing others prevents them from even attempting it. Cognitively, the dependent needs simplicity, just as the compulsive needs an internal world of control and order.

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Where others have characteristics that paranoids envy allergy treatment for toddlers discount quibron-t 400mg on-line, it is others who envy them allergy testing during pregnancy buy quibron-t 400 mg lowest price. Stephen is obviously highly intelligent allergy shots las vegas order 400 mg quibron-t mastercard, having obtained his doctorate in physics at the age of 23 allergy medicine isn't working generic quibron-t 400mg on line. We can imagine how proud his parents must have been, as both lacked a formal college education. We can also speculate that Stephen must have felt enormous pressure to stand out just as much among his colleagues as he did among his fellow students. Unfortunately, his own megalomania keeps getting in the way of his progress, creating conflicts with supervisors who feel that he spends too much time on his own "secret schemes" and not enough on company projects. Despite his objective intellectual gifts, it appears that Stephen has a fragile self to defend. Evidence of a crushingly low self-esteem is found not only in his grandiosity, but also in his condescending reaction to constructive criticism and in his need to conceal his own projects. To defend himself, Stephen has chosen a path already trod by his own father, probably because he knows it to be an excuse to which his parents will resonate: Not only was the father too brilliant for those around him, but the son is, as well. Accordingly, Stephen is convinced that his coworkers and supervisors are trying to undo him by stealing his ideas, by not paying him what he is worth, and by appraising his work as "absurd schemes. Faced with objective evidence of failure not easily denied, Stephen withdraws to his home and begins drinking to excess. After a series of similar rejections, he is finally faced with two choices: either crumble under self-condemnation or retreat into a world of complete fantasy. In the area of self-concept, paranoids overtly seem arrogant, self-righteous, and easily enraged. Covertly, however, they feel timid and inferior and are plagued by doubt and guilt. In the area of interpersonal relations, they overtly seem mistrustful, humorless, accusing, and cold. He is definitely arrogant and self-righteous, as evidenced through his reaction to constructive criticism of his pet projects, also evidence of his sensitivity and self-doubt. Had Stephen been blessed with a greater sense of self-worth, he would have been able to make use of such criticism in the spirit in which it was intended and perhaps even get his associates excited about his ideas, which he instead safeguards jealously as his own private property. Moreover, as the child genius prematurely pushed forward by the momentum of his own intellect, Stephen is easily seen as being frightened of power and authority. Having always been pushed by his parents to succeed, he received his doctorate in physics at 23 and was a celebrated student in his department. He held several middlelevel positions as a research physicist in a number of industrial firms, going from one to another following a series of disputes, claiming that others were trying to steal his ideas. Although uneducated in a formal sense, he understood a great deal of technical information, consulting with several companies who sought someone with his detailed knowledge and inventive mind. Stephen recalled quite vividly the dinner table conversations when his father would be furious because he was being "fired again" because he was "too smart for the fools around him. Anyone who commented on his projects, even in a constructive manner, was subsequently greeted with condescension. Eventually, Stephen was assigned less important jobs that made him feel that both his supervisors and subordinates were "making fun of him" by not taking him seriously. He worked in private as long as possible, refusing to share any of his ideas with his "turncoat colleagues. Brilliant though it was, the plan overlooked certain obvious simple facts of logic and economy. Upon learning that his plan had been rejected, Stephen withdrew to his home and established a habit of drinking to excess. Thereafter, he became obsessed with "new ideas," proposing them in intricate schematics and formulas to a number of government officials and industrialists. For a brief period, he convinced himself that he was Niels Bohr, a famous quantum physicist.

Circumferential supraglottic tumor allergy forecast pleasanton ca generic 400mg quibron-t with mastercard, more bulky on the right allergy west generic 400mg quibron-t amex, with extralaryngeal spread from the preepiglottic and paraglottic space laterally through the right thyrohyoid membrane into the soft tissues of the neck (arrow) allergy medicine like singulair quibron-t 400mg cheap. External radiation therapy alone for supraglottic laryngeal cancer has a long and successful track record allergy medicine liquor store discount quibron-t 400mg online. Advantages include the lower risk of aspiration and the ability to address both necks without neck dissection. For patients with smaller supraglottic larynx cancers (ie, tumor volumes <6 mL), local control is 83% to 89%. Note the lysis of the left arytenoid cartilage, suspicious for involvement (arrow), and sclerosis of the left thyroid ala and cricoid cartilage (nonspecific). For patients with adequate pulmonary reserve, the traditional surgery for early supraglottic cancer has been supraglottic laryngectomy. The traditional inferior border of the resection is the apex of the ventricles; however, one arytenoid can also be included in the resection. Additional conservational external surgeries, rarely performed, include the near total laryngectomy (resecting hemilarynx, including ipsilateral cricoid. There is probable nodal disease within the carotid space on the right, resulting in at least 180 of encasement of the right common carotid artery, and obliteration of the prevertebral fat planes on the right (arrow). Some of these patterns of spread have been described earlier for supraglottic primary malignancies. Glottic tumors have a propensity to present at an earlier stage, with very small lesions, because they produce hoarseness or airway compromise. Small but symptomatic tumors may be very difficult to detect on imaging and are much better assessed on laryngoscopy. A tumor is T2 if there is transglottic or subglottic extension, even if there is somewhat impaired mobility. Once there is hemilarynx fixation or paraglottic or preepiglottic space invasion, they are T3 and considered advanced, with limited options for laryngeal conservation. Early T1 or even T2 glottic primary tumors will often not undergo imaging, unless there is clinical concern for deep extension, significant transglottic or subglottic spread, or bulky anterior commissure involvement. Involvement of the anterior commissure is extremely important for the radiologist to appreciate, because these tumors are frequently associated with early cartilage invasion, subglottic extension, and early extralaryngeal extension. T1 and T2 tumors with anterior commissure involvement are more difficult to treat with either surgery or radiation, are often associated with higher recurrence rates, and are often understaged. Posterior commissure involvement precludes the possibility of a supracricoid partial laryngectomy and may put the patient at risk for hypopharyngeal extension of tumor. If there is air adjacent to the thyroid lamina anteriorly, there is no anterior commissure involvement. However, one should be careful calling any soft tissue in the anterior commissure tumor, because often the phase of respiration or laryngeal edema can cause the vocal cords to oppose, resulting in soft tissue fullness. Trends in management affecting staging of glottic cancer Early T1 or T2 glottic cancer can be treated. Transoral laser surgery for T1 or T2 supraglottic cancer is very successful in experienced hands if a complete resection can be achieved. Whether the limitations in exposure described with laser surgery are overcome with transoral robotic surgery has yet to be determined. Adjuvant chemoradiation is administered if there are positive margins or extracapsular nodal extension. Anterior commissure involvement increases the risk of local failure for Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma 99. Advantages include superior voice quality for lesions penetrating the lamina propria and the therapeutic effectiveness regardless of anterior commissure location. T1 cancers can be understaged on imaging, especially if subglottic extension is not appreciated, and will result in treatment failure because the radiation fields for T1 and T2 glottic cancer are small. Advanced glottic cancers (T3 or T4 disease) are treated in a manner similar to advanced supraglottic cancers. Additionally, some studies have shown that the standardized uptake value of a primary tumor may have prognostic value, with an standardized uptake value of greater than 9 heralding a potential higher rate of recurrence and lower overall disease-free survival. Staging depends on the extent of involvement of the true vocal cord, fixation of the hemilarynx, whether there is invasion of the cricoid or thyroid cartilage, or extralaryngeal spread below the cricoid cartilage into the cervical trachea. Trends in management affecting staging of subglottic cancer Most treatment recommenda- tions are total laryngectomy, partial or total 100 Baugnon & Beitler. A consensus regarding the staging is reached, taking into account the findings on endoscopy.

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