Condet

Osagie K. Obasogie

• Professor of Bioethics, UCB-UCSF Joint Medical Program, Community Health Sciences

https://publichealth.berkeley.edu/people/osagie-obasogie/

Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins captured in Solomon Islands were found to have been exposed to both Brucella (Tachibana et al rheumatoid arthritis rib pain purchase voltaren 100mg visa. In children and adults rheumatoid arthritis hives order voltaren 100mg with amex, there are other symptoms and it is sometimes fatal (Dubey arthritis in the feet and hands discount voltaren 50 mg without a prescription, 2006) arthritis relief dogs cheap 50 mg voltaren with mastercard. As noted in endnote 451, there are currently no regulations prohibiting handlers or tourists who have illnesses or infections from interacting with captive marine mammals. As a result, the extent of public injury globally could be far greater than noted here. In January 2008, an 11-year-old captive bottlenose dolphin known as Annie, held by the Dolphin Academy in Curaзao, breached above a group of tourists participating in a swim. She landed directly on three of them, a maneuver that was highly unlikely to be accidental. Two people received minor injuries, while one was hospitalized with what were described as "paralysis symptoms. The Partij voor de Dieren (Party for the Animals) in the Netherlands (Curaзao was at the time part of the Netherlands Antilles, a Dutch protectorate, which has since dissolved; its constituent islands are still part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; see endnote 202) asked questions about the incident in the Dutch Parliament, after expressing concern about the welfare of the dolphins and the safety of tourists. For example, in July 2006, a 6-year-old child was bitten by a bottlenose dolphin in a SeaWorld Orlando petting pool, while a 7-year-old child was bitten the following month (Underwater Times, 2006). In an analysis of stranded harbor porpoises in the Moray Firth, Scotland, 63 percent of the animals showed evidence of being attacked and seriously injured or killed by bottlenose dolphins (Ross and Wilson, 1996). Adult bottlenose dolphins were reported killing at least five dolphin calves in the Moray Firth, Scotland, and killed at least nine calves over two years in the coastal waters of Virginia in the United States (Patterson et al. Calves have been killed in captivity as well-for example, in August 2004, a 4-month-old female bottlenose dolphin calf was repeatedly attacked by two adult male dolphins at the National Aquarium in Baltimore, Maryland, in the United States, while her mother was performing. Observations in Monterey Bay, California, have noted that orcas in this area attack and kill at least seven species of marine mammals, including pinnipeds and cetaceans. There is evidence of attacks (such as scarring and injuries) on two species of baleen whale in the bay, although such attacks have not been directly observed (Ternullo and Black, 2003). Fifty-two percent of respondents reported marine-mammal-inflicted injuries, with 89 percent of injuries on the hands, feet, arms, or legs; 8 percent on the torso or abdomen; and 4 percent on the face. More than a third of the injuries were severe (90 cases)-either a deep wound, with some requiring stitches, or a fracture. Statistically, those in regular contact (more than 50 days a year) with confined marine mammals were several times more likely to suffer a traumatic injury (Mazet et al. While free-ranging (and captive) common bottlenose dolphins have been observed attacking and even killing conspecific calves on multiple occasions, only one such attack has been observed in free-ranging orcas (Towers et al. Given the many numbers of hours various researchers have observed free-ranging orcas in several populations, the rarity of this observation-a mother and son from the mammal-eating population in the northeast Pacific killed the calf of a female from the same population-suggests this was an unusual occurrence. There was no retaliation against the dolphin for this action, given the sequence of events. It also describes multiple contusions and abrasions over much of his body-a total of 37 separate injuries occurring before he died (Reyes and Perez-Berenguer, 1999), strongly suggesting that Tilikum dragged Dukes around the tank, much as he and his tank-mates did Keltie Byrne, before Dukes finally drowned. Martнnez died after Keto pushed (rammed) him against the side of the tank, inflicting lacerations and severe internal injuries (Parsons, 2012). Two years before, in October 2007, another trainer at Loro Parque, Claudia Vollhardt, was injured by Tekoa, the other male orca (son of the infamous Tilikum) sent to the Canary Islands by SeaWorld in February 2006 (two female orcas were also transferred at the same time). The whale also inflicted chest injuries (Sydney Morning Herald, 2007; Zimmerman, 2011; Parsons, 2012). She suffered a broken jaw, neck, and ribs, a dislocated elbow and knee, and a severed arm, with part of her scalp removed, exposing her skull (Stephan, 2010). It should be noted that, just three weeks before this incident, another female orca, Orkid, had also grabbed a trainer, Brian Rokeach, by the ankle and dragged him underwater. In addition, three additional incidents were reported in the Orlando log for SeaWorld-owned whales at Loro Parque in the Canary Islands during the 1988­2011 period. For example, SeaWorld noted in the "animal profile" of Kayla, a female orca at SeaWorld Orlando, that she had been involved in seven aggressive interactions. However, only one was recorded in the official incident log (Transcript of Proceedings at p. SeaWorld representative Chuck Tompkins eventually conceded in his testimony that "we missed a few" incidents in the official log (Transcript of Proceedings at p. Show situations involving water behaviors with trainers and orcas have become popular in recent years. Aggressive manifestations toward trainers have included butting, biting, grabbing, dunking, and holding trainers on the bottom of tanks preventing their escape.

P208 Safety Testing of Bacteria: Challenges and Approaches to Translocation Testing in Studies Conducted in a High-Throughput Vivarium arthritis pain in dogs medications buy generic voltaren 100 mg on line. P209 Effect of Percent S9 Fraction on Bacterial Background Lawn Assessment in Ames Assay Using 35mm Plate Spread Technique arthritis in the knee surgery generic 50mg voltaren free shipping. P212 Protocol for Assessing Chemical Changes during Shelf-Life Studies on e-Liquids and Ends That Contain e-Liquids arthritis vitamin c 50mg voltaren overnight delivery. P214 Chemical Alternatives Assessment of Selected Phthalate Substitute Plasticizers: Carboxylates arthritis pain supplement order 100mg voltaren amex, Adipates, Citrates, and Trimellitates. P218 Potential Use of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Pathway to Assess Safety of E-Cigarette Flavoring Agents. P220 A Revised Approach to the Cramer Decision Tree for the Estimation of Toxic Hazard. P233 Use of Cross-Route Extrapolation to Develop an Oral Cancer Slope Factor for Isoprene and Its Application in a Drinking Water Risk Assessment. P235 Application of Toxicogenomics for the Risk Assessment of the Food Contaminant Acetamide. P237 Sulfuryl Fluoride-Induced Neurotoxicity: Potential Direct Brain Access via the Intranasal Route. P239 Risk Assessment for Antibiotic Residue in Industrial Effluents from Pharmaceutical Industries in Baddi, India: Impact on Environment and Human Health. P242 A Quantitative Approach for Integrating Mechanistic Data across Human Health and Ecological Endpoints to Inform Risk Assessment Using Aggregate Exposure Pathway and Adverse Outcome Pathway Networks. P243 Development of Exposure Limits for Chemicals Encountered during Aircraft Operation. P245 Identification of Points of Departure for Trimethylamine Exposure Guidance Levels. P247 the Escalating Severity of Boron Trifluoride Inhalation Effects Necessitates Prompt Emergency Response Actions. P248 An Integrated Approach to Evaluate Common Mechanisms of Toxicity in Pesticides to Support Cumulative Risk Assessment. P249 Application of a "One-to-Many" Analog Approach with Consideration of Toxicokinetics in Consumer Product Safety Assessments. P251 Comparison of Dam Toxicogenomic and Dam/Embryo-Fetal Apical Points of Departure in a Rat Ketoconazole Developmental Toxicity Study. P252 the Utility of Informative Prior in Benchmark Dose Modeling for Animal Reduction. P253 Assessing Somatic and Psychosocial Health Risks of Water Body Contamination on Human Communities in the Niger-Delta, Nigeria. P254 Systematic Review and Literature Mapping of Naphthalene Adverse Health Outcomes. P255 Development of Aggregate and Cumulative Risk Assessment System of Hazardous Substances in Agricultural Environment in South Korea. P259 A Multifaceted Approach to Demonstrate Safety of Aerosolized and Pumped Spray Fragrance Products. P262 Comparison of Lung Cancer Risks from Environmental Exposures to Arsenic and from Those Associated with Medical Monitoring Criteria for Smokers. P281 A Review for the Best Practices for the Application and Preparation of Send Data Sets. Rayavarapu, American Association for the Advancement of Science Poster Board Number. P286 Pharmacology/Toxicology Review of Related Grades of Excipients in Generic Drug Products: Successful Practices and Common Pitfalls. P288 Better Ways Than the Bioassay: Weight-of-Evidence Approach to Assess Carcinogenicity Potential of Food-Use Pesticides. P289 California Law First in North America to Require Non-animal Safety Substantiation of Cosmetic Ingredients. An Analysis of Regulatory Approaches for Selection of Chemicals for Expedited Action. P293 A Case Study on Parabens Shows the Applicability of New Generation Risk Assessment Based on New Approach Methodologies. P295 Characterizing In Vitro Testes Co-culture for Safety Assessment: Characterization of Testes Longitudinal Cellular Dynamics In Vitro.

Neither their physical nor their social environment can be simulated or re-created what does arthritis in the knee feel like order voltaren 50mg on-line. Tanks are typically barren- effectively concrete boxes-and social bonds are artificial rheumatoid arthritis of spine voltaren 100mg without prescription. Given that this different life has nothing in common with the life for which cetaceans have evolved and for which they are adapted arthritis health associates order voltaren 50 mg, it can only be regarded as worse than life in the wild arthritis yogurt purchase 100 mg voltaren amex. As noted earlier, calves are typically removed from their mothers to separate quarters after only three or four years, if not sooner. Belugas are an Arctic species, adapted to living much of the year in freezing waters. Yet in Sharm el Sheikh they were being kept in an outdoor facility on the edge of a desert. This indicates that their diet of a limited variety of frozen fish is deficient in some manner, and the nutritional quality of frozen fish is, in fact, markedly lower than that of living fish. The limited choices offered to captive marine mammals in regard to food and its methods of provision are cause for concern. The lack of behavioral and physical stimulation (when foraging is eliminated from the behavioral repertoire) and the lack of dietary variety may contribute to behavioral disturbances and health problems. Medical isolation enclosures are frequently much smaller than primary enclosures; facilities claim that medical tanks are only temporary quarters and insist this distinction makes their restrictiveness acceptable and even necessary, so animals can be controlled during veterinary examinations. Dolphinaria and aquaria routinely administer prophylactic antibiotics and anti-fungal and ulcer medications to captive cetaceans. Cetaceans are difficult to diagnose;312 their lack of mobile facial expressions313 and body language with which humans can empathize (such as shivering or cowering) make it difficult to recognize developing health problems. An all-too-common pattern is for facility personnel to find an animal lacking in appetite and for that animal to die within one or two days of this discovery-long before any treatment program can be determined, let alone administered. For example, in bottlenose dolphins, hemochromatosis, a disease resulting from excess accumulation of iron in the body, occurs at a much higher rate in captivity than in the wild,317 possibly because of factors associated with diet or altered activity patterns in captivity. Because captive cetaceans, especially orcas, spend a great deal of time sedentary, floating at the surface like logs (this behavior is in fact called "logging"), they are at a much higher risk of being bitten by mosquitoes than free-ranging animals and thus being exposed to any pathogens transferred by mosquito bite. This results in captive marine mammals being exposed Eye lesions and opacities (such as cataracts) are common in captive pinnipeds, as seen in this walrus and this harbor seal. In addition, most marine mammals are fed by trainers standing at the side of their tanks, with the animals looking up (into the sun) for fish to drop into their mouths. As a result, captive marine mammals may suffer from eye lesions and infections and premature cataracts. Cetaceans and pinnipeds often wear down and/or break their teeth because they persistently and stereotypically grind their teeth on the concrete walls of their tanks and/or "pop" their jaws on the metal gates between their enclosures. Captive orcas, due to their size, intelligence, and social complexity, may be more frustrated and bored than other species when held captive and therefore unsurprisingly appear to exhibit this problem to the greatest extent among captive marine mammals. Captive orcas can wear down their teeth to such an extent that the pulp and nerves are exposed, and veterinarians must then drill the teeth out. Drilling the teeth empties the pulp cavity, removing some of the living tissue that is highly prone to infection and clearing the cavity for disinfection. This leaves open holes, as the aquatic environment precludes using amalgam fillings. If teeth do wear down in free-ranging orcas, it is due to prey type or feeding method335 and generally occurs over a lifetime (rather than within a few years, as in captivity). Dead fish are dropped directly into the open mouths of captive orcas, meaning food rarely if ever contacts the teeth. Therefore, one would expect very little tooth wear at all, similar to the near-pristine teeth seen in salmon-eating resident orcas in the northeast Pacific, for example. This degree of damage to the teeth is not normal and may be a factor in the shortened life spans of captive orcas338 (see Chapter 9, "Mortality and Birth Rates"). For all captive marine mammals, this means boredom is a serious concern, but for display-only animals, such as polar bears and most seals, boredom can be unremitting. Stereotyped behaviors, severe aggression toward conspecifics and humans, and other behavioral problems frequently arise in predators denied their natural foraging behavior. While the animals may interact intermittently with these objects, they often ignore them and there are virtually no studies examining whether these interactions improve marine mammal welfare or even activity level.

Supporting Landscape ­ areas directly connected to Core Habitat that maintain vital ecological processes and/or secondary habitat that may be able to withstand some lower level of activity without substantial negative impacts to elements of concern diffuse arthritis definition discount voltaren 100 mg without a prescription. Plant and animal nomenclatures follow those adopted by the Pennsylvania Biological Survey prevent arthritis in hands fingers generic voltaren 100 mg with mastercard. These specifications are based on scientific literature and expert knowledge for individual species or animal assemblages and may incorporate physical factors anti-arthritis diet for dogs buy discount voltaren 100mg online. For instance arthritis pain vinegar quality voltaren 50 mg, two Core Habitat wetlands of the same size occurring in the same region may require Supporting Landscape areas of very different size and shape to support their functions if one receives mostly ground water and the other receives mostly surface water, or if one supports a plant species of concern, while the other supports a bird species of concern. The decision to release the information will be made by the agency having jurisdiction over the species in question. Valid reasons for releasing sensitive information could include, but are not be limited to , environmental review, research, and conservation planning. The information sharing agreement will define restrictions on how the information can be used and limit further distribution or sharing. Requests for more detailed information will be considered on a need-to-know basis and will require an information sharing agreement. In some cases this will equate to a range map for the species, and in others, it may be a series of adjacent large forest patches. The scale of these matches the scale at which jurisdictional agencies are comfortable allowing species information to be released. These will sufficiently obscure the precise locations of sensitive species occurrences. This information will not be specific to a particular occurrence, but rather it will provide guidance for users of the data to have a general awareness of the taxa and to be able to use the information in project planning and broad-scale conservation efforts. A species listed as a "Sensitive Species of Concern" is unnamed by request of the jurisdictional agency responsible for its protection, due to factors such as illegal collection, intentional destruction, or potential to be disturbed by people. NatureServe and its member programs use a suite of factors to assess the conservation status of plant and animal species, as well as ecological communities and systems. For species, these ranks provide an estimate of extinction risk, and for ecological communities and systems they provide an estimate of the risk of elimination. The numbers have the following meaning: 1 = Critically Imperiled: at very high risk of extinction due to extreme rarity (often 5 or fewer populations), very steep declines, or other factors. For example, G1 would indicate that a species is critically imperiled across its entire range. In this example, the species as a whole is regarded as being at very high risk of extinction. A rank of S3 would indicate the species is vulnerable and at moderate risk within a particular state or province, even though it may be more secure elsewhere. Species and ecosystems are designated with either an "X" (presumed extinct or extirpated)if there is no expectation that they still survive, or an "H" (possibly extinct or extirpated)if they are known only from historical records but there is a chance they may still exist. Other variants and qualifiers are used to add information or indicate any range of uncertainty. Some less-rare species are also tracked if they are thought to be of conservation concern. Still other species are actually rare, but due to a lack of scientific information, they are not yet ranked and recognized as rare. Therefore, for the purposes of this report, the following general definitions are used to indicate the degree of rarity of each species. Quality Ranks Each population of a species of concern is assigned a quality rank, based on the estimated probability that it will persist over time. The most commonly assigned ranks are summarized below: A: Excellent Viability ­ very likely to persist for 20-30 years in current condition or better. Ranks are calculated by a score that represents the G-ranks and S-ranks of each species present at the site, weighted by the Quality ranks for those populations. Rank Global Description Sites which have global importance for biological diversity and Pennsylvania has a primary role to maintain.

Ocular infection Ocular disease following trauma from non-sugical penetrating objects 196 Medical Bacteriology Manifests with keratitis ease arthritis in fingers 100mg voltaren for sale, endophthalmitis lipitor joint pain arthritis buy voltaren 100mg fast delivery, and panophthalmitis Treatment: Clindamycin + Aminoglycosides 2 arthritis in the knee at 40 100 mg voltaren mastercard. Genus: Clostridium Characteristics: Clostridia are anaerobic medication to treat arthritis order voltaren 100mg with mastercard, spore-forming motile, gram-positive rods. They inhabit human and animal intestine, soil, water, decaying animal and plant matter Spores of clostridia are wider than the diameter of organism and located centrally, subterminally and terminally Species of medical importance: C. PhospholipaseC (toxin) It has lethal, necrotizing and hemolytic effect on tissue. It causes cell lysis due to lecithinase action on the lecithin which is found in mammalian cell membrane. Clostridial food poisoning It causes secretory diarrhea due to release of enterotoxin in the intestine Self-limiting diarrhea similar to that produced by B. Saccharolytic property showing reddening of the meat with a rancid smell due to carbohydrate decomposition. Proteolytic property showing blackening of the meat with unpleasant smell due to protein decomposition. Nagler reaction: Lecithinase C activity- Opacity in the egg-yolk medium due to lecithin break down 199 Medical Bacteriology Procedure: 1. Treatment: Penicillin Prompt and extensive wound debridement Polyvalent antitoxin Prevention and control Early debridement adequate contaminated wound cleansing and 200 Medical Bacteriology Closridium difficile General characteristics. Not frequently found in the healthy adult, but is found often in the hospital environment. Human feces are the expected source of the organism Pathogenesis and clinical features: Administration of antibiotics like ampicillin, clindamycin and cephalosporins results in killing of colonic normal flora and proliferation of drug resistant C. Dignosis: Identification of toxin A and B in feces by latex agglutination test Treatment: Dicontinuation of offending drugs Administration of metronidazole or vancomycin 201 Medical Bacteriology Clostridium tetani General characteristics: World wide in distribution in the soil and in animal feces Longer and thinner gram-positive rods with round terminal spores giving characteristic "drum-stick" appearance. Tetanolysin: Hemolytic property Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation: Infection of devitalized tissue (wound, burn, injury, umblical stamp, surgical suture) by spores of C. Muscle spasm and rigidity Laboratory diagnosis: the bacteria can be cultured in a media with anaerobic atmosphere. The toxin is absorbed from the gut and acts by blocking the release of acetylcholine at synapses and neuromuscular junction and manifests with flaccid paralysis and visual disturbance, inability to swallow, and speech difficulty Death is secondary to respiratory failure or cardiac arrest 2. Diagnosed by demonstration of the organism or toxin from the stool 204 Medical Bacteriology 3. Treatment: Administration of intravenous trivalent antitoxin (A,B,E) Mechanical ventilator for respiratory support Prevention and control. Diphteria toxin causes respiratory tract epithelial destruction tesulting in formation of necrotic epithelium with pseudomembrane formation over the tonsils, pharynx, and larynx. Distant toxic damage includes parenchymal degeneration and necrosis in heart muscle, liver, kidney, adrenal glands and peripheral and cranial nerves. Wound/skin diphteria occurs chiefly in the tropics and forms membrane-covered wound that fails to heal. Blood tellurite agar: Produce characteristic grey-black colonies due to their ability to reduce potassium tellurite to tellurium Characteristics of C. Gel-precipitation (Elek) test: a filter paper strip previously immersed in diphteria antitoxin is incorporated into serum agar; the strain of C. Incubate at 37 0c for 1-2 days, and observe for lines of precipitation in the agar indicating toxin-antitoxin interaction. Schick test: a skin test to demonstrate immunitydue to immunization or natural infection Method: Intradermal injection of toxin into the anterior aspect of one forearm and heat-inactivated toxin into the other. Reactions due to the toxin are slower and longer lasting than those resulting from hypersensitivity. Listreriolysin(hemolysin) Pathogenesis and clinical features: Transmitted to humans through ingestion of poorly coooked meat and unpasteurized milk and milk products 1. Swine is major reservoir Pathogenicity and clinical features: Most human cases of disease are related to occupational exposure, i. Diagnosis: Specimen: Blood Culture: Shows -hemolysis on Blood agar Biochemical reaction.

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